Table 3 Risk perception based on the EPPM by disease status (N = 3727)
| Â | Efficacy | Defensive response | Threats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-efficacy | Response efficacy | Denial | Reactance | Avoidance | Susceptibility | Severity | |
Mean (SD | Mean (SD | Mean (SD | Mean (SD | Mean (SD | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
History of coronavirus | |||||||
 Yes | 57.7 (21.9) | 74.9 (23.5) | 32.8 (23.7) | 30.1 (26.8) | 41.5 (28.7) | 70.0 (22.5) | 67.4 (21.3) |
 No | 67.1 (17.7) | 83.9 (10.8) | 22.0 (16.8) | 19.3 (18.2) | 27.0 (23.1) | 67.7 (18.2) | 77.9 (13.9) |
P-value | 0.036 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 0.009 | < 0.0001 | 0.442 | 0.006 |
History of coronavirus in family members | |||||||
 Yes | 64.5 (20.9) | 81.5 (18.9) | 24.5 (19.7) | 17.7 (20.5) | 30.0 (27.8) | 68.6 (22.1) | 72.9 (17.4) |
 No | 67.0 (17.0) | 83.8 (10.8) | 22.1 (16.9) | 19.4 (18.3) | 27.1 (23.1) | 67.7 (18.1) | 77.0 (13.9) |
P-value | 0.018 | < 0.0001 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.031 | 0.142 |
Frequency of chronic diseases | |||||||
 0 | 67.5 (16.9) | 84.1 (10.8) | 21.8 (16.9) | 19.3 (18.3) | 27.1 (23.5) | 69.3 (18.6) | 76.5 (13.9) |
 1 | 65.2 (17.7) | 83.1 (11.5) | 23.0 (17.0) | 19.3 (18.1) | 27.3 (22.4) | 67.6 (16.7) | 78.4 (14.0) |
 2 | 65.7 (16.4) | 82.8 (11.6) | 26.1 (19.0) | 22.7 (20.4) | 27.9 (21.0) | 69.0 (15.7) | 77.2 (12.8) |
 3 and more | 60.0 (21.3) | 77.6 (18.3) | 20.8 (14.6) | 17.2 (16.2) | 20.0 (22.1) | 66.6 (22.2) | 74.8 (19.7) |
P-value | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.026 | 0.224 | 0.390 | 0.021 | 0.016 |