Table 1 Association between underweight and socioeconomic and demographic variables
Covariate | Categories | Underweight | Pearson Chi- Square Test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (%) | Yes (%) | Value | d.f | P-Value | ||
Locality | Rural | 10,095 (62.90) | 5954 (37.10) | 189.35 | 1 | 0.000 |
Urban | 5915 (71.74) | 2330 (28.26) | ||||
Gender | Female | 8153 (65.74) | 4248 (34.26) | 0.276 | 1 | 0.607 |
Male | 7857 (66.06) | 4036 (33.94) | ||||
Mother’s education level | None | 6880 (43.68) | 4998 (56.32) | 931.495 | 4 | 0.000 |
Primary | 2975 (66.08) | 1527 (33.92) | ||||
Middle | 1695 (71.88) | 663 (28.12) | ||||
Secondary | 2209 (76.12) | 693 (23.88) | ||||
Higher | 2251 (84.82) | 403 (15.18) | ||||
Father’s education level | None | 3848 (55.39) | 3099 (44.61) | 810.205 | 4 | 0.000 |
Primary | 2772 (61.72) | 1719 (38.28) | ||||
Middle | 2729 (67.27) | 1328 (32.73) | ||||
Secondary | 3877 (51.98) | 1456 (27.30) | ||||
Higher | 2784 (80.01) | 682 (19.99) | ||||
Mother’s occupation | Housewife | 14,345 (66.27) | 7300 (33.73) | 12.285 | 1 | 0.000 |
Working Woman | 1665 (62.85) | 984 (37.15) | ||||
Father’s occupation | Unemployed | 836 (68.36) | 387 (31.64) | 324.201 | 4 | 0.000 |
Laborer | 3606 (13.33) | 2667 (42.52) | ||||
Farmer | 2488 (92.58) | 1407 (36.12) | ||||
Official | 4800 (36,24) | 2065 (30.08) | ||||
Businessman | 4280 (79.50) | 1758 (29.12) | ||||
Wealth index quantile | Lowest | 2981 (52.44) | 2704 (47.56) | 1076.13 | 4 | 0.000 |
Second | 3137 (61.11) | 1996 (38.89) | ||||
Middle | 3374 (67.64) | 1614 (32.36) | ||||
Fourth | 3484 (72.09) | 1349 (27.91) | ||||
Highest | 3034 (83.01) | 621 (16.99) | ||||
Total number of under-five children in household | None | 16,010 (65.90) | 8284 (34.10) | 22.077 | 8 | 0.040 |
Total children ever born to a woman | None | 15,997 (65.90) | 8276 (34.10) | 192.48 | 17 | 0.000 |
Sanitation | Unimproved | 4723 (57.08) | 3551 (42.92) | 434.23 | 1 | 0.000 |
Improved | 11,287 (70.46) | 4733 (29.54) | ||||
Sources of drinking water | Unimproved | 850 (62.32) | 514 (37.68) | 7.1 | 1 | 0.008 |
Improved | 15,098 (65.84) | 7832 (34.16) | ||||
Access to media | No | 5030 (58.08) | 3630 (41.92) | 366.011 | 1 | 0.000 |
Yes | 10,980 (70.23) | 4654 (29.77) | ||||
Region | Southern Punjab | 5029 (60.10) | 3339 (39.90) | 264.389 | 2 | 0.000 |
Central Punjab | 9491 (67.76) | 4516 (32.24) | ||||
Northern Punjab | 1489 (77.63) | 429 (23.37) | ||||
Age of mother when children born | None | 16,010 (65.90) | 8284 (34.10) | 54.538 | 38 | 0.0400 |
Age of children | None | 16,010 (65.90) | 8284 (34.10) | 140.544 | 59 | 0.000 |