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Table 2 Risk factors associated with prevalent PI

From: Level of physical activity among middle-aged and older Chinese people: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

 

Missing observations

Robust

MI

p value

RR (95% CI)

p value

RR (95% CI)

PI

156

/

/

/

/

Age

0

    

 45–60

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 60–75

 

0.82

0.98 (0.86 to 1.13)

0.801

0.99 (0.88 to 1.10)

  > =75

 

< 0.001

1.35 (1.11 to 1.64)

< 0.001

1.38 (1.20 to 1.60)

Gender

2

    

 Male

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

 

0.47

1.06 (0.90 to 1.25)

0.869

1.01 (0.89 to 1.15)

Living area

0

    

 Rural

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Urban

 

0.16

1.10 (0.96 to 1.26)

0.091

1.10 (0.99 to 1.23)

Spouse

0

    

 No

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

 

0.93

0.99 (0.85 to 1.16)

0.607

0.97 (0.87 to 1.09)

Education level

3

    

 Illiteracy

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Elementary school

 

0.36

1.07 (0.92 to 1.24)

0.850

1.01 (0.90 to 1.13)

 Middle/high school

 

0.03

1.22 (1.02 to 1.45)

0.188

1.10 (0.96 to 1.26)

 College or above

 

0.51

1.18 (0.72 to 1.93)

0.787

1.05 (0.74 to 1.50)

Working status

21

    

 Not working

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Currently working

 

< 0.001

0.38 (0.33 to 0.44)

< 0.001

0.43 (0.38 to 0.48)

PCE level

945

    

 1/5

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 2/5

 

0.12

0.87 (0.73 to 1.04)

0.154

0.90 (0.77 to 1.04)

 3/5

 

0.04

0.83 (0.70 to 0.99)

0.057

0.86 (0.74 to 1.00)

 4/5

 

0.11

0.87 (0.73 to 1.03)

0.040

0.86 (0.74 to 0.99)

 5/5

 

0.01

0.77 (0.63 to 0.93)

0.003

0.78 (0.66 to 0.92)

Public facilities

119

0.28

0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)

0.033

0.98 (0.97 to 1.00)

BMI level

1161

    

 Normal

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Underweight

 

0.05

1.25 (1.00 to 1.55)

0.003

1.33 (1.10 to 1.60)

 Overweight

 

0.02

1.18 (1.03 to 1.35)

0.008

1.19 (1.05 to 1.34)

 Obesity

 

< 0.001

1.31 (1.11 to 1.56)

0.003

1.27 (1.09 to 1.48)

NCDs

272

    

 No

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

 

0.05

0.88 (0.78 to 1.00)

0.057

0.90 (0.81 to 1.00)

Smoking

0

    

 Never smoking

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Used to smoke, have stopped

 

0.82

0.97 (0.78 to 1.22)

0.277

0.91 (0.76 to 1.08)

 Currently smoking

 

0.92

1.01 (0.85 to 1.19)

0.661

0.97 (0.85 to 1.11)

Drinking

1

    

 Never drinking

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Less than once a month

 

0.60

0.94 (0.74 to 1.19)

0.510

0.94 (0.78 to 1.13)

 More than once a month

 

0.85

0.98 (0.83 to 1.16)

0.129

0.90 (0.78 to 1.03)

ADL/IADL disability

94

    

 No

 

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

 

< 0.001

1.36 (1.20 to 1.54)

< 0.001

1.44 (1.31 to 1.59)

  1. The analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data of baseline survey. MI Multiple imputation, RR relative risk, CI Confidence interval, ref Reference group, PCE Per capita expenditure, PA physical activity, BMI Body mass interval, NCD non-communicable diseases