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Table 1 Findings of previous evaluations of the effects of cash transfers on HIV prevention outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa among females

From: Spillover HIV prevention effects of a cash transfer trial in East Zimbabwe: evidence from a cluster-randomised trial and general-population survey

Evaluation

Ref

Evaluated population a

CT type

Biological outcomes

Sexual debut, frequency of sex, number of partners

Condom use, condomless sex

Other

South Africa

HPTN 068

[16]

[17]

School: 13–20 years

CCT

No effect on HIV or HSV-2 incidence

Reduced sexual debut; fewer partners; no effect multiple partners

Reduced unprotected sex

Reduced IPV; no effect on age-disparate relationships or transactional sex

CAPRISA 007

[15]

School: grade 9/10

CCT

Reduced HSV-2 incidence

Not measured

Not measured

Not measured

NSP (national)

[10]

10–18 years

UCT

Not measured

No effect multiple partners

No effect unprotected sex

Reduced age-disparate relationships and transactional sex

CSG (national)

[11]

15–16 years

UCT

Not measured

Reduced sexual debut; fewer partners

Not measured

Not measured

Malawi

SIHR

[18]

School: 13–22 years

UCT, CCT

Reduced HIV & HSV-2 prevalence

No effect sexual debut, reduced frequency of sex past week

No effect unprotected sex

Reduced age-disparate relationships

SCT (national)

24-month

[12]

13–19 years

UCT

Not measured

No effect sexual debut; reduced sex acts b

No effect condom use b

Reduced age-disparate relationships; no effect on transactional sex; reduced IPV

MIP

[20]

15+ years

CCT

Not measured

Reduced sex past 9 days

No effect condom use

Net decrease condomless sex

Zimbabwe

HSCT (national) 48-month c

[25]

13–20 years

UCT

Not measured

Increased age at first sex; no effect number of sex acts or partners

Reduced unprotected sex

No effect on transactional sex

Kenya

CT-OVC (national)

[13]

15–25 years

UCT

Not measured

Reduced sexual debut; reduced multiple partners

No effect condom use

No effect on transactional sex

Tanzania

RESPECT

[21]

18–30 years

CCT

Reduced STI prevalence

Reduced multiple partners

No effect condom use

Not measured

Lesotho

Lottery

[22]

18–32 years

CCT

Reduced HIV incidence

Reduced number of partners b

Reduced unprotected sex b

Not measured

  1. Ref Reference, CT Cash transfer, UCT Unconditional cash transfer, CCT Conditional cash transfers, HSV-2 Herpes simplex virus type 2, IPV Intimate partner violence
  2. Study and programme names in South Africa are the HIV prevention trial network (HPTN) 068 study, and the national social protection (NSP) and child support grant (CSG) programmes. In Malawi they are the Schooling, Income, and Health Risk (SIHR) study, the Social Cash Transfer (SCT) programme, and the Malawi Incentives Programme (MIP). In Zimbabwe it is the Harmonised Social Cash Transfer (HSCT) programme. In Kenya it is the Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) programme
  3. a If the evaluation included a follow-up, the age of the population refers to baseline eligibility criteria
  4. b Both sexes evaluated together
  5. c The evaluation of the HSCT programme in Zimbabwe after 12 months had a small sample size, so only results from the 48-month evaluation are reported