Table 2 Effect of interventions studied in cohort studies, non-randomized experimental studies and pre-test post-test studies

 Chu M. C. et al., 2015 [28]

Chronic non-cancer pain

Comprehensive outpatient pain engagement program

Intervention with education about pain pathophysiology, behavioral training, exercises, thought management and activity planning

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear

 Jensen A. G. C., 2013 [29]

Mental illness, musculoskeletal illness, mental and musculoskeletal illness

RTW intervention

Intervention including making an individually tailored rehabilitation plan, physical exercises, an ergonomic course and cognitive therapy

No

Yes^a

Yes

No

 Leensen M. C. J. et al., 2017 [30]

Cancer

Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program

Intervention with supervised interval and resistance exercises and counseling sessions with advice on work resumption

Yes^b

Yes

–

Unclear

 Salzwedel A. et al., 2020 [31]

Cardiovascular diseases

Standardized comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation

Intervention including risk-factor modification, exercise training, psychosocial interventions, vocational assessment and counseling

Yes

NR

–

Unclear

 Chu M. C. et al., 2015 [28]

Chronic non-cancer pain

Comprehensive outpatient pain engagement program

Intervention with education about pain pathophysiology, behavioral training, exercises, thought management and activity planning

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear

 Haiduk P. et al., 2017 [32]

Chronic neck pain

The 4 interdisciplinary pain program

Intervention with physiotherapy, strength training, occupational therapy, cognitive behavioral and coping therapy and relaxation

Yes^b

NR

–

Unclear

 Jensen A. G. C., 2013 [29]

Mental illness, musculoskeletal illness, mental and musculoskeletal illness

RTW intervention

Intervention including making an individually tailored rehabilitation plan, physical exercises, an ergonomic course and cognitive therapy

No

Yes^a

Yes

No

 Pietilä-Holmner E. et al., 2020 [33]

Chronic musculoskeletal pain

Multimodal rehabilitation program

Intervention with physical exercise, relaxation, education in pain management and training in coping strategies based on cognitive behavioral therapy

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear

 Aasdahl L. et al., 2018 [34]

Musculoskeletal, psychological or general and unspecified diagnoses

Short inpatient program, long inpatient program, outpatient program

Interventions including acceptance and commitment therapy, physical training, mindfulness, psycho-education, problem solving sessions and making a RTW plan

Yes

NR

Yes

Unclear

 Adams H. et al., 2017 [35]

Major depressive disorder

Risk-targeted activity-reintegration intervention/Progressive goal attainment program

Intervention focused on goal setting, activity planning and learning techniques for targeting disability beliefs including problem solving challenges and exposing techniques

Yes

NR

Yes

Unclear

 Chu M. C. et al., 2015 [28]

Chronic non-cancer pain

Comprehensive outpatient pain engagement program

Intervention with education about pain pathophysiology, behavioral training, exercises, thought management and activity planning

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear

 Gagnon C. M. et al., 2013 [36]

Chronic pain

Interdisciplinary pain management program

Intervention with psychological treatment, occupational therapy, physical therapy and vocational counseling

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear

 Haiduk P. et al., 2017 [32]

Chronic neck pain

The 4 interdisciplinary pain program

Intervention with physiotherapy, strength training, occupational therapy, cognitive behavioral and coping therapy and relaxation

Yes

NR

–

Unclear

 Pietilä-Holmner E. et al., 2020 [33]

Chronic musculoskeletal pain

Multimodal rehabilitation program

Intervention with physical exercise, relaxation, education in pain management and training in coping strategies based on cognitive behavioral therapy

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear

 Scott W. et al., 2014 [37]

Whiplash injury

Multidisciplinary rehabilitation program

Intervention with tailored exercises, education and instruction in self-management skills

NR

NR

Yes

Unclear

 Sullivan M. et al., 2017 [38]

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Risk-targeted activity-reintegration intervention/Progressive goal attainment program

Intervention focused on goal setting, activity planning and learning techniques for targeting disability beliefs including problem solving challenges and exposing techniques

Yes

NR

Yes

Unclear

 Volker G. et al., 2017 [39]

Chronic musculoskeletal pain

Standardized multidisciplinary team care intervention

Intervention with cognitive behavioral therapy, exercises, relaxation and education

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear

 Asih S. et al., 2015 [40]

Chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders

Functional restoration program

Intervention with cognitive behavior therapy, coping skills training, fear-avoidance beliefs training and exercises

Yes

NR

Yes^c

Unclear

 Pietilä-Holmner E. et al., 2020 [33]

Chronic musculoskeletal pain

Multimodal rehabilitation program

Intervention with physical exercise, relaxation, education in pain management and training in coping strategies based on cognitive behavioral therapy

Yes

Yes

–

Unclear