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Table 2 Results of multivariate regression analyses for the association between the predictor and control variables, and the scale scores of NAPLAN Year 3 tests in five domains, Northern Territory Aboriginal children, NAPLAN tests from 2009 to 2016

From: The impact of hearing impairment on early academic achievement in Aboriginal children living in remote Australia: a data linkage study

Variable

Reading

Writing

Grammar

Spelling

Numeracy

Adj COEF

(95% CI)

Adj COEF

(95% CI)

Adj COEF

(95% CI)

Adj COEF

(95% CI)

Adj COEF

(95% CI)

Hearing assessment result

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Unilateral

−0.5

(−12.0 ~ 11.0)

−3.4

(− 12.3 ~ 5.5)

8.3

(−5.0 ~ 21.6)

0.1

(−5.5 ~ 5.8)

−3.0

(−12.6 ~ 6.5)

 Mild

−5.7

(−16.4 ~ 5.1)

−15.0

(−22.4 ~ −7.6)***

1.1

(− 11.5 ~ 13.7)

− 5.0

(−9.6 ~ − 0.3)*

−5.2

(−13.5 ~ 3.0)

 Moderate or worse

0.5

(−14.6 ~ 15.6)

−12.8

(− 24.2 ~ − 1.4)*

5.1

(− 12.5 ~ 22.6)

−6.6

(− 14.1 ~ 1.0)

−15.0

(− 27.4 ~ − 2.6)*

Male gender

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

−18.2

(−26.7 ~ −9.7)***

− 27.9

(−34.1 ~ − 21.8)***

−14.9

(−24.8 ~ −5.0)**

−8.7

(− 12.6 ~ −4.8)***

−13.5

(−20.1 ~ −6.8)***

Birthweight (gram)

 ≥ 2500

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 < 2500

2.4

(−10.6 ~ 15.3)

−7.6

(− 16.8 ~ 1.5)

6.4

(−9.2 ~ 21.9)

−3.0

(−8.6 ~ 2.6)

− 11.7

(−22.3 ~ −1.1)*

Attended preschool

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

−6.8

(−19.6 ~ 5.9)

3.5

(−5.5 ~ 12.5)

−7.1

(−21.5 ~ 7.2)

−2.9

(−9.0 ~ 3.1)

2.5

(−7.2 ~ 12.3)

Average household size^

 ≤ 5

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 > 5

−4.7

(−36.8 ~ 27.5)

−31.2

(−58.1 ~ −4.3)*

−11.9

(− 51.7 ~ 27.8)

−7.8

(−23.1 ~ 7.6)

− 38.2

(−67.0 ~ −9.3)*

Very remote^

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

−12.4

(−38.9 ~ 14.1)

−12.4

(−32.4 ~ 7.6)

8.3

(−22.7 ~ 39.2)

−13.5

(− 26.2 ~ −0.9)*

−15.3

(− 35.2 ~ 4.5)

ESL

 No

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Yes

−5.2

(−24.2 ~ 13.8)

−20.6

(−36.7 ~ −4.5)*

−34.6

(− 57.6 ~ −11.6)**

−14.9

(−25.1 ~ − 4.7)**

−19.2

(− 32.7 ~ − 5.7)*

Age at Y3 NAPLAN

 8 yr

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 < 8

−3.8

(−17.6 ~ 10.1)

−10.7

(−19.8 ~ −1.7)*

−13.1

(−28.4 ~ 2.2)

−7.2

(−12.1 ~ − 2.3)**

−20.3

(−31.2 ~ −9.4)***

 ≥ 9

−4.8

(−20.5 ~ 11.0)

11.8

(−1.1 ~ 24.8)

22.2

(1.9 ~ 42.6)*

3.6

(−5.2 ~ 12.7)

1.1

(−11.5 ~ 13.8)

Year 2 attendance

 ≥ 80%

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 60–79%

−12.5

(−22.8 ~ −2.2)*

−28.7

(−36.8 ~ − 20.5)***

−21.7

(− 34.1 ~ −9.3)**

−11.6

(−17.1 ~ −6.1)***

−16.4

(−24.1 ~ −8.8)***

 < 60%

−26.1

(− 38.0 ~ −14.2)***

−52.7

(− 61.4 ~ −43.9)***

−35.8

(− 49.5 ~ − 22.1)***

−23.1

(− 28.7 ~ − 17.5)***

−29.6

(−38.6 ~ − 20.7)***

Model statistics

 Number of children

1992

 

2045

 

2066

 

2066

 

1953

 

 Adjusted R-squared

0.335

 

0.326

 

0.264

 

0.290

 

0.245

 
  1. ^ Community level variables
  2. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.005; *** p < 0.0005
  3. Note: NAPLAN: National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy; Adj COEF: adjusted coefficient; ESL: Speaking English as second language
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