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Table 2 The correct recognition of risk factors by household income group

From: Sociodemographics and their impacts on risk factor awareness and beliefs about cancer and screening: results from a cross-sectional study in Newfoundland and Labrador

Risk factor

All

(n, %)c

High incomeb

(n = 378)

Middle incomeb

(n = 411)

Low incomeb

(n = 136)

rsd

P-value

Smoking

993(97.54)

375(99.21)

400(97.32)

126(93.33)

0.097

0.002

Exposure to others’ cigarette smoke

980(96.55)

369(98.40)

395(96.34)

125(91.91)

0.090

0.004

Drinking more than 1 unita of alcohol per day

635(62.81)

267(71.01)

243(59.71)

68(50.37)

0.118

< 0.001

Eating less than 5 servingsa of fruit and vegetables

856(84.50)

329(87.04)

342(84.03)

111(82.84)

0.009

0.764

Eating red or processed meat once per day or more

705(69.25)

296(78.31)

261(63.50)

92(67.65)

0.068

0.030

Being overweight

826(81.54)

315(83.33)

339(83.50)

105(77.78)

−0.019

0.550

Getting sunburnt more than once as a child

860(84.48)

332(87.83)

346(84.18)

108(80.00)

0.032

0.311

Being over 70 years old

540(53.41)

245(65.16)

203(50.00)

54(39.71)

0.109

0.001

Cancer family history

918(90.53)

354(93.90)

364(89.00)

119(88.15)

0.047

0.132

Infection with HPV (human papillomavirus)

859(85.56)

328(87.23)

341(85.04)

112(82.96)

0.031

0.332

Having a diet low in fiber

658(65.02)

288(76.80)

255(62.50)

71(52.21)

0.089

0.005

Total score (Median(Q1,Q3))

9(7,10)

10(8,11)

9(7,10)

8(7,10)

0.237

< 0.001

  1. a 1 unit of alcohol = 1 can of beer/cider, or a 5 oz. glass of wine, or 1 oz. of spirits/hard alcohol. 1 serving of vegetable or fruits is 1 medium sized fresh fruit/vegetable; 1/2 cup of chopped, cooked, frozen, or canned fruit/vegetables;1/4 cup of dried fruit/vegetable. 1 cup = 250 ml
  2. b High income refers to the total annual household income more than $80,000; Middle income refer to the total annual household income lie between $30,000 and $79,999; low income refers to the total annual household income less than $30,000
  3. c Totals may not match as the “all” column includes responses from individuals who responded “not sure” to their income level
  4. drs refers to Spearman correlation coefficient, which is used to measure the association degree between two ordinal variables (Correct = 1, Incorrect = 0; and Low income = 1, Middle Income = 2, High Income = 3)