Fig. 2

The increased rates caused by demographic and non- demographic factors and their contribution rates from 1998 to 2018 in Shanghai Pudong New Area. a & c, based on the first period; b & d, based on the period before it
The increased rates caused by demographic and non- demographic factors and their contribution rates from 1998 to 2018 in Shanghai Pudong New Area. a & c, based on the first period; b & d, based on the period before it