Table 2 Adjusted Hazard Ratios of Mortality for Urban-Rural Residence, CLHLS 2002–2014

Urban (rural)

0.89**

0.97

0.89**

0.91**

0.90**

0.92*

0.96

 Age

1.10***

1.09***

1.09***

1.09***

1.08***

1.07***

1.07***

 Male

1.31***

1.45***

1.37***

1.30***

1.45***

1.45***

1.51***

 Han (non-Han)

0.93

0.94

0.94

0.91

0.87*

0.88*

0.89*

 1–6 years of schooling (0)

0.93+

0.98

 7+ years of schooling (0)

0.82**

0.90+

 Economic independence (no)

0.75***

0.81***

 White collar occupation (no)

1.11*

1.07

 Good family economic condition (no)

0.97

1.01

 Adequate access to healthcare (no)

0.80***

0.91+

 Currently married (no)

0.88**

0.91+

0.94

 Close proximity to children (no)

1.02

1.01

1.00

 Primary support, child/relative (spouse)

1.05

1.05

1.04

 Primary support, friend (spouse)

0.98

1.01

0.99

 Primary support, other (spouse)

1.40+

1.14

1.15

 Primary support, nobody (spouse)

1.45***

1.23**

1.22**

 Leisure activity level, intermediate (low)

0.59***

0.71***

0.73***

 Leisure activity level, high (low)

0.47***

0.61***

0.64***

 Currently smoking (no)

1.07

1.08+

1.08+

 Ever engaged in physical labor (no)

0.98

1.00

0.96

 IADL disabled (no)

1.40***

1.33***

1.30***

 ADL disabled (no)

1.52***

1.39***

1.39***

 Cognitively impaired (no)

1.36***

1.26***

1.25***

 Has 1+ chronic disease (no)

1.09*

1.10**

1.10**

 Wave 2005 (2002)

0.82***

0.84***

0.83***

0.81***

0.84***

0.83***

0.84***

 Wave 2008 (2002)

0.60***

0.61***

0.60***

0.58***

0.60***

0.60***

0.60***

 Wave 2011 (2002)

0.30***

0.31***

0.30***

0.29***

0.31***

0.31***

0.31***

 Df

7

13

13

11

11

21

27

 Wald test χ2 value

2423.6***

2436/3***

2522.4***

2921.7***

3031.3***

3377.1***

3388.6***

 Wald test χ2 value fort models vs. Model I ^a

–

95.1***

54.1***

258.9***

349.1***

508.6***

538.4***

 Wald test χ2 value for Model VII vs. models ^b

538.4***

433.5***

477.8***

274.6***

159.8***

34.7***

–