Table 4 Factors influencing the utilisation of BCS services by geographical regions
Participants characteristics | Americas | Asian | African | |||
Un-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Un-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Un-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Age group | ||||||
 40–44 years (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 ≥ 45 years | 1.57 (1.47, 1.68) | 1.48 (1.37, 1.60) | 0.69 (0.66, 0.72) | 0.76 (0.70, 0.82) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) |
Educational level | ||||||
 No education (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Primary | 1.71 (1.43, 2.04) | 1.48 (1.22, 1.80) | 1.19 (1.10, 1.29) | 0.67 (0.58, 0.76) | 4.68 (4.24, 5.16) | 3.82 (3.39, 4.31) |
 Secondary | 2.92 (2.43, 3.50) | 1.67 (1.35, 2.07) | 3.54 (3.34, 3.74) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.94) | 5.38 (4.87, 5.93) | 3.47 (3.05, 3.94) |
 Higher | 3.41 (2.81, 4.14) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) | 6.23 (5.84, 6.65) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) | 8.29 (7.33, 9.37) | 3.65 (3.08, 4.32) |
Gender of the household head | ||||||
 Male (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Female | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | 1.43 (1.29, 1.59) | 2.05 (1.94, 2.16) | 1.81 (1.69, 1.95) |
Respondent’s age at 1st birth | ||||||
  < 18 years (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 18–20 years | 1.25 (1.14, 1.37) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) | 1.96 (1.83, 2.09) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.25) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) |
 21–25 years | 1.62 (1.47, 1.78) | 1.28 (1.15, 1.44) | 2.78 (2.61, 2.97) | 1.20 (1.08, 1.34) | 1.17 (1.09, 1.26) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.87) |
  > 25 years | 2.03 (1.81, 2.28) | 1.40 (1.20, 1.64) | 3.60 (3.32, 3.9) | 1.80 (1.51, 2.14) | 1.38 (1.25, 1.52) | 0.74 (0.64, 0.84) |
Number of childbirths | ||||||
  < 4 (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 4–5 | 0.67 (0.62, 0.73) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.00) | 2.24 (2.12, 2.38) | 1.32 (1.20, 1.46) | 0.67 (0.63, 0.72) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) |
  > 5 | 0.46 (0.42, 0.50) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | 3.49 (3.30, 3.69) | 1.53 (1.35, 1.73) | 0.59 (0.55, 0.63) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) |
Mass media exposure | ||||||
 No (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 1.72 (1.45, 2.03) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) | 2.45 (2.29, 2.62) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 1.25 (1.17, 1.35) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) |
Health insurance coverage | ||||||
 No (= ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Yes | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) |  | 0.48 (0.44, 0.54) | 0.53 (0.47, 0.59) | 3.70 (3.47, 3.94) | 2.25 (2.07, 2.45) |
Body mass index | ||||||
 Under weight | 1.15 (0.79, 1.68) | 1.48 (1.00, 2.19) | 0.69 (0.61, 0.77) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.01) | 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) |
 Normal weight (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Overweight | 1.55 (1.39, 1.72) | 1.42 (1.28, 1.59) | 1.74 (1.63, 1.85) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.98) | 0.80 (0.73, 0.87) |
 Obese | 1.59 (1.43, 1.76) | 1.41 (1.26, 1.57) | 2.96 (2.78, 3.14) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 0.51 (0.47, 0.55) | 0.46 (0.42, 0.51) |
Community | ||||||
 Urban | 1.86 (1.72, 2.00) | 1.22 (1.11, 1.35) | 2.66 (2.55, 2.77) | 1.21 (1.08, 1.34) | 1.71 (1.62, 1.81) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) |
 Rural (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||
 Q1 (Poorest 20%) (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Q2 | 1.57 (1.37, 1.80) | 1.52 (1.29, 1.79) | 0.76 (0.71, 0.82) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 1.69 (1.52, 1.87) | 1.63 (1.44, 1.85) |
 Q3 | 1.29 (1.12, 1.48) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.32) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) | 2.07 (1.87, 2.28) | 1.63 (1.44, 1.85) |
 Q4 | 2.05 (1.80, 2.34) | 1.64 (1.38, 1.95) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 2.54 (2.30, 2.80) | 2.49 (2.18, 2.85) |
 Q5 (Richest 20%) | 4.26 (3.76, 4.82) | 3.39 (2.84, 4.06) | 1.15 (1.07, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 3.94 (3.59, 4.32) | 3.58 (3.08, 4.17) |
LR Chi-square (P-value) |  | 131.51 (P < 0.001) |  | 550.95 (P < 0.001) |  | 303.15 (P = 0.005) |
Linktest hat-OR (P-value) |  | 2.63 (P < 0.001) |  | 3.98 (P < 0.001) |  | 2.62 (P < 0.001) |
Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic (P-value) |  | 15.98 (P < 0.001) |  | 11.78 (P = 0.001) |  | 14.54 (P = 0.002) |
Area under ROC curve | Â | 0.79 | Â | 0.72 | Â | 0.75 |
VIF Mean (Max) | Â | 3.21 (4.56) | Â | 2.45 (3.96) | Â | 2.90 (4.13) |
Participants characteristics | European | Overall | ||||
Un-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Un-adjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
Age group | ||||||
 40–44 years (= ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 ≥ 45 years | 1.23 (0.75, 2.03) |  | 0.86 (0.84, 0.89) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.94) | ||
Educational level | ||||||
 No education (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 Primary | 0.95 (0.56, 1.97) | 4.01 (3.63, 4.43) | 2.44 (2.32, 2.56) | 2.39 (2.25, 2.53) | ||
 Secondary | 1.97 (1.56, 2.49) | 3.55 (3.20, 3.94) | 4.01 (3.82, 4.20) | 2.08 (1.95, 2.21) | ||
 Higher | 1.57 (1.39, 1.76) | 3.24 (2.83, 3.73) | 6.50 (6.16, 6.86) | 2.48 (2.25, 2.73) | ||
Gender of the household head | ||||||
 Male (= ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 Female | 1.40 (0.29, 6.69) |  | 1.19 (1.15, 1.23) | 1.65 (1.58, 1.73) | ||
Respondent’s age at 1st birth | ||||||
  < 18 years (= ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 18–20 years | 2.57 (0.24, 7.29) |  | 1.51 (1.45, 1.58) | 1.19 (1.13, 1.26) | ||
 21–25 years | 2.86 (0.28, 8.92) |  | 1.93 (1.85, 2.02) | 1.30 (1.23, 1.38) | ||
  > 25 years | 1.35 (0.32, 4.81) |  | 2.40 (2.27, 2.53) | 1.65 (1.52, 1.78) | ||
Number of childbirths | ||||||
  < 4 (= ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 4–5 | 0.59 (0.35, 1.00) |  | 1.11 (1.07, 1.15) | 1.25 (1.18, 1.31) | ||
  > 5 | 0.33 (0.10, 1.02) |  | 1.21 (1.17, 1.26) | 1.48 (1.40, 1.57) | ||
Mass media exposure | ||||||
 No (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 Yes | 6.02 (1.54, 23.59) | 1.86 (1.79, 1.93) | 1.93 (1.85, 2.02) | 1.84 (1.79, 1.89) | ||
Health insurance coverage | ||||||
 No (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 Yes | 3.19 (1.65, 6.19) | 2.60 (2.42, 2.80) | 1.32 (1.27, 1.38) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | ||
Body mass index | ||||||
 Under weight | ns |  | 0.68 (0.62, 0.75) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | ||
 Normal weight (= ref) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 Overweight | 1.49 (0.92, 2.43) |  | 1.43 (1.37, 1.49) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) | ||
 Obese | 1.27 (0.70, 2.32) |  | 1.44 (1.38, 1.51) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | ||
Community | ||||||
 Urban | 2.88 (1.75, 4.75) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) | 2.19 (2.12, 2.25) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.26) | ||
 Rural (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Wealth quintile | ||||||
 Q1 (Poorest 20%) (= ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
 Q2 | 1.07 (0.59, 1.94) | 1.44 (1.30, 1.60) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.26 (1.17, 1.36) | ||
 Q3 | 1.96 (1.06, 3.62) | 1.46 (1.32, 1.63) | 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | ||
 Q4 | 3.40 (1.63, 7.07) | 1.65 (1.47, 1.84) | 1.46 (1.39, 1.53) | 1.43 (1.31, 1.55) | ||
Q5 (Richest 20%) | 1.27 (1.08, 3.17) | 2.05 (1.81, 2.32) | 2.10 (2.00, 2.20) | 2.01 (1.84, 2.20) | ||
LR Chi-square (P-value) |  | 130.46 (P < 0.005) |  | 375.12 (P < 0.001) | ||
Linktest hat-OR (P-value) |  | 2.98 (P < 0.001) |  | 3.26 (P < 0.005) | ||
Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic (P-value) |  | 75.19 (P < 0.002) |  | 20.62 | ||
Area under ROC curve | Â | 0.80 | Â | 0.80 | ||
VIF Mean (Max) | Â | 3.16 (3.15) | Â | 3.20 (3.51) | ||