Fig. 2

Hazard ratio of pre-65 mortality by food insecurity status among adults with below-median income. Hazard ratio of pre-65 mortality by food insecurity status was estimated using Cox proportional hazard model, with “food-secure” as the reference category (N = 354,000 person-years). Three sets of models were fitted on the full sample with below-median income, adjusting for no covariate, part of the covariates (respondent’s sex, age at interview, smoker status, alcohol consumption, number of chronic conditions), and all covariates (respondent’s sex, age at interview, smoker status, alcohol consumption, number of chronic conditions, Low Income Measure (LIM) status, homeownership, education attainment, household type, Indigenous identity). Fully adjusted models were further fitted on subsamples below and above LIM. Age at interview and number of chronic conditions were set as stratifying variables in all adjusted models due to their violation of hazard proportionality assumption indicated by Schoenfeld test