Fig. 1

Path analysis results on the effect of the relationship between baseline immigrant status and chronic pain at follow up with baseline mood i.e., anxiety and depression as mediators. (Standardized estimates, N = 11,152) Notes: AGE = age, CP = chronic pain, IMG = Immigrants, UED = university education, WOM = women, MRD = married, MOD = mood (anxiety and depression), FNH = financial hardship. * significant at P < .05