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Table 1 Reviews of theory use in the context of emergencies and outbreaks

From: Examining the application of behaviour change theories in the context of infectious disease outbreaks and emergency response: a review of reviews

Study

Papers (n)

Behaviour

Psychological Theory (times cited by studies included in the individual reviews)

Angus, Cairns, Purves, Bryce, MacDonald & Gordon (2013) [37]

61

Vaccination; hand hygiene; sharing injecting equipment; adherence to medication; reducing prescription and use of antibiotics; respiratory hygiene; safe sex; health screening uptake; drug injection behaviour; avoiding/ removing ticks; identifying Lyme disease; communicable disease prevention and control

Health Belief Model (15)

Theory of Planned Behaviour (4)

Social Cognitive Theory (Social Learning Theory) (4)

Stage of Change (transtheoretical model) (8)

Theory of Reasoned Action (1)

Diffusion of Innovations (4)

PRECEDE-PROCEED (3)

Community Organization Locality Development Model (1)

Precaution Adoption Process Model (1)

Health Belief Model, Integrated Behavioural Model (1)

Self-Regulation Model (1)

New Comprehensive Health Seeking and Coping Paradigm based on Transactional Stress and Coping Model, Other (Health Seeking Paradigm) (1)

Social Ecological Model (1).

Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Social Cognitive Theory (1)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory (1)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action (1)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour (3)

Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Theory (2)

Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory (1)

Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Theory, Diffusion of innovations, Other (unspecified) (1)

Social Cognitive Theory, Behavioural Ecological Model (1)

Social Cognitive Theory, Other (team-based learning theory and Information-Motivation Behavioural Skills (IMB) model) (2)

Theory of Planned Behaviour, Extended Parallel Process Model (1)

Theory of Reasoned Action, Social Cognitive Theory, Other (self-efficacy theory)b (1)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour, PRECEDE-PROCEED, New model (1)

Bish & Michie (2010) [38]

26

Pandemic influenza vaccination intentions and behaviour

The majority of the studies (20) did not provide the theoretical model.

Subjective expected utility theory (1)

Health Belief Model (3)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory (1)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour (1)

Bish & Michie (2011) [39]

12

Pandemic influenza vaccination intentions and behaviour

The majority of the studies (10) did not provide the theoretical model.

Protection Motivation Theory (1)

New model proposed by authors (1)

Bish, Michie, & Yardley (2011) [40]

25a

H1N1 influenza vaccination intentions and behaviour

The majority of the studies (20) did not provide the theoretical model used

Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory (1)

Health Belief Model (2)

Self-Regulation Model, Health Belief Model, Illness perceptions (1)

Bish, Yardley, Nicoll & Michie (2011) [41]

37

H1N1 influenza vaccination intentions and behaviour

The majority (32) of studies did not provide the theoretical model used

Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory (1)

Health Belief Model (2)

Self-Regulation Model, Health Belief Model & illness perceptions (1)

Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (1)

Bults, Beaujean, Richardus & Voeten (2015) [44]

70

Perceptions and responses to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic

Majority of studies (54) in the review did not cite the theory used.

Health Belief Model (3)

Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory (1)

Health Belief Model, Common Sense Modelc (1)

Health Belief Model, Self-Regulation Model (1)

Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory, Extended Parallel Process Model (1)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour (1)

Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour (1)

Health Belief Model, Precaution Adoption Process Model (1)

Protection Motivation Theory (1)

Protection Motivation Theory, Trust and Confidence Model (1)

Theory of Planned Behaviour (1)

Risk Communication Framework (1)

Social Ecological Model (1)

Trust Determination Model (1)

Corace, Srigley, Hargadon, Yu, MacDonald, Fabrigar, & Garber (2016) [50]

10

Healthcare worker influenza vaccination

Health Belief Model (5)

Theory of Planned Behaviour (2)

Triandis Model of Interpersonal Behaviour (1)

Health Belief Model, Behavioural Intention Model (1)

Risk Perception Attitude (1)

Ejeta, Ardalan & Paton (2015) [45]

33

Outbreak preparedness (H1N1 vaccination; blood donation during influenza; non-pharmaceutical measures against influenza; health workers preparedness to respond to emergencies); flood preparedness; earthquake preparedness; climate change preparedness; tornado preparedness, preparedness for terrorism; preparedness for general emergency

Health Belief Model (4)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour (1)

Health Belief Model, multidimensional locus of control theory (1)

Extended Parallel Process Model (5)

Theory of Planned Behaviour (3) Social Cognitive Modeld (3)

Protection Motivation Theory (3)

New model derived from existing models (Social Predictor Model of Intentions) (1)

Vested interest theory (2)

Protective Action Decision Model (1)

Affective and Cognitive Route (1)

Expectancy-valency models (1)

Outcome expectancy and self- efficacy (1)

Person-relative-to-Event model (1)

Social Ecological Resilience theory (1)

Precaution Adoption Theory (1)

Theory of Communicating Actionable Risk (1)

Adaptation terror preparedness model (1)

Transtheoretical Model (1)

Leppin & Aro (2009) [46]

30

Perceived risk of SARS and avian influenza;

Protective behaviours (e.g., hand washing, diet, exercise, wearing face masks)

Majority of studies (19) in the review did not cite the theory used.

Health Belief Model (4)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Self-Efficacy Theory (1)

Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour (1)

Health Belief Model, Protection Motivation Theory (1)

Protection Motivation Theory (1)

Precaution Adoption Model (1)

State-dependent expected utility framework (1)

Theory of optimistic bias/ Unrealistic optimism (1)

Omori, Kuligowski, Butler, & Gwynne (2017)e [52]

N/A – Not systematic review

Emergency response within buildings (e.g., evacuation)

Doesn’t list theories used by papers. Uses the Protective Action Decision Model as a framework for the review.

Prematunge, Corace, McCarthy, Nair, Pugsley & Garber (2012) [48]

20

Uptake or refusal of PH1N1 vaccine

Doesn’t list theories used by cited papers. Health Belief Model is used as a conceptual model to present analyses.

Schmid, Rauber, Betsch, Lidolt & Denker (2017) [51]

470

Influenza vaccination hesitancy

Doesn’t list theories used by cited papers. Theory of Planned Behaviour used as a conceptual framework. Outcomes discussed in relation to 4C model of reasons for non-vaccination

Westcott, Ronan, Bambrick, & Taylor (2017)e [53]

N/A – not systematic review

Bushfire preparedness among animal owners

Doesn’t list theories used by papers. Protection Motivation Theory used as framework for the review.

  1. aOnly 24 papers were included in the authors’ review summary table, thus reflecting the total number of papers listed in our psychological theory column
  2. bSelf-efficacy theory is listed as ‘other’ within this paper, but we have incorporated this within our review alongside the additional, explicit self-efficacy theory citation from another included review paper
  3. cAlthough this is presented as the Common Sense Model, distinct from the other Self-Regulation Model citation within Bults and colleagues’ review, further examination of the original papers reveals they are based on the same underlying model, and so are integrated in our synthesis
  4. dExamination of the reviews citing Social Cognitive Theory [37, 38] and the Social Cognitive Model [45] has revealed that these are distinct theories and are therefore included in our synthesis as such
  5. eThe authors of these reviews briefly cite examples of additional theories before settling on the Protection Motivation Theory and the Protective Action Decision Model respectively. Only these two theories are included in this table and in our synthesis