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Table 3 Association between anxiety, depression, PTSD and demographic and health- related variables

From: Prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Ebola survivors in northern Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional study

 

Anxiety

Depression

PTSD

Characteristics

Variables

Possible case of anxiety (HADS cut-off score ≥ 8) Symptom of anxiety n(%)

No possible case of anxiety (HADS cut-off score < 8) n (%)

P-value

Possible case of depression (HADs cut-off score ≥ 8)

No possible case of depression (HADs cut-off score < 8)

P-value

Possible case of PTSD (cut-off score ≥ 45)

No possible case of PTSD (cut-off score < 45)

P-value

Age Group

< 30 years

34(69.4)

133(89.9)

0.001

67(72.0)

100(96.2)

< 0.001

36(83.7)

131(85.1)

0.828

≥30 years

15(30.6)

15(10.1)

26(28.0)

4(3.8)

7(16.3)

23(14.9)

Sex

Male

25(49.3)

73(51.0)

0.837

47(50.5)

51(49.0)

0.834

21(48.8)

77(50.0)

0.893

Female

24(49.0)

75(50.7)

46(49.5)

53(51.0)

22(51.2)

77(50.0)

Marital status

Single /divorced/widow/widower

36(73.5)

102(68.9)

0.547

63(67.7)

75(72.1)

0.503

32(74.4)

106(68.8)

0.479

Married

13(26.5)

46(31.1)

30(32.3)

29(27.9)

11(25.6)

48(31.2)

Monthly income level

< 1000,000 Leones

48(98.0)

145(98.0)

0.995

90(96.8)

103(99.0)

0.261

42(97.7)

151(98.1)

0.877

≥1million

1(2.0)

3(2.0)

3(3.2)

1(1.0)

1(2.3)

3(1.9)

Educational status

Non-formal education

17(34.7)

56(37.8)

0.558

39(41.9)

34(32.7)

0.578

18(41.9)

55(35.7)

0.576

Primary education

6(12.2)

26(17.6)

13(14.0)

19(18.3)

4(9.3)

28(18.2)

Secondary education

21(42.9)

47(31.8)

30(32.3)

38(36.5)

16(37.2)

52(33.8)

Tertiary education

5(10.2)

19(12.8)

11(11.8)

13(12.5)

5(11.6)

19(12.3)

Number of emotional support

None

3(6.1)

4(2.7)

0.243

4(4.3)

3(2.9)

0.038

2(4.7)

5(3.2)

0.459

1–2

20(40.8)

50(33.8)

41(44.1)

29(27.9)

12(27.9)

58(37.7)

> 2

26(53.1)

94(63.5)

48(51.6)

72(69.2)

29(67.4)

91(59.1)

Affect by the death of friend or relative

Not affected

5(10.2)

4(2.7)

0.001

6(6.5)

3(2.9)

0.528

3(7.0)

6(3.9)

0.533

Slightly affected

3(6.1)

26(17.6)

15(16.1)

14(13.5)

4(9.3)

25(16.2)

Badly affected

31(63.3)

109(73.6)

62(66.7)

78(75.0)

31(72.1)

109(70.8)

Not applicable

10(20.4)

9(6.1)

10(10.8)

9(8.7)

5(11.6)

14(9.1)

Number of current post-Ebola sequelae experienced

None

6(12.2)

16(10.8)

0.274

11(11.8)

11(10.6)

0.021

2(4.7)

20(13.0)

0.337

1–2

15(30.6)

30(20.3)

29(31.2)

16(15.4)

10(23.3)

35(22.7)

> 2

28(57.1)

102(68.9)

53(57.0)

77(74.0)

31(72.1)

99(64.3)

Past psychiatric history prior to being diagnosed with Ebola

Yes

4(8.2)

5(3.4)

0.164

4(4.3)

5(4.8)

0.865

2(4.7)

7(4.5)

0.977

No

45(91.8)

143(96.6)

89(95.7)

99(95.2)

41(95.3)

147(95.5)

Alcohol intake before Ebola

Yes

21(42.9)

39(26.4)

0.030

38(40.9)

22(21.2)

0.003

18(41.9)

42(27.3)

0.066

No

28(57.1)

109(73.6)

55(59.1)

82(78.8)

25(58.1)

112(72.7)

Alcohol intake after Ebola

Increased

3(6.1)

9(6.1)

0.333

6(6.5)

6(5.8)

0.020

4(9.3)

8(5.2)

0.310

Decreased

11(22.4)

20(13.5)

20(21.5)

11(10.6)

8(18.6)

23(14.9)

Remain the same

7(14.3)

16(10.8)

15(16.1)

8(7.7)

7(16.3)

16(10.4)

Not applicable

28(57.1)

103(69.6)

52(55.9)

79(76.0)

24(55.8)

107(69.5)

Level of exercise after Ebola

Increased

5(10.2)

28(18.9)

0.010

11(11.8)

22(21.2)

0.002

8(18.6)

25(16.2)

0.575

Decreased

37(75.5)

73(49.3)

64(68.8)

46(44.2)

26(60.5)

84(54.5)

Remain the same

6(13.0)

44(29.7)

18(19.4)

36(34.6)

9(20.9)

45(29.2)

Not applicable

1(2.0)

3(2.0)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

Knowledge of relative or friend death due to Ebola

Yes

41(83.7)

138(93.2)

0.044

84(90.3)

95(91.3)

0.803

41(95.3)

138(89.6)

0.248

No

8(16.3)

10(6.8)

9(9.7)

9(8.7)

2(4.7)

15(10.4)