Table 2 Summary of risk factors included studies. Displays which risk factors - associated with youth violence - are described in papers and whether there is a positive, no, or unclear association. For papers including a quantitative analysis, risk factors with statistically significant results were categorised as positively associated. Whereas for qualitative studies, risk factors mentioned within interviews or literature reviews were identified as positively associated. The design of each study is further highlighted within the table. The count of studies mentioning each risk factor was used to determine the relevance for discussion
| Individual risk factors | Positive association | No association | Unclear association |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aged between 10 and 24 years |
6 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2014; Barlas et al, 2006; Falshaw et al, 1997; Hayden et al, 2010; Qualitative Densley et al, 2015; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Gender |
3 studies Quantitative Males Falshaw et al, 1997; Nasr et al, 2010; Females Hayden et al, 2010; |
3 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2014; Qualitative Briggs et al, 2009 |
1 study Quantitative Barlas et al, 2006; |
| Ethnicity |
1 study Quantitative Smith I et al, 2007; |
3 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2016; Smith D et al, 2007; | 0 studies |
| Education |
3 studies Quantitative Bailey et al, 2001; Clement et al, 2010; Hayden et al, 2010; | 0 studies |
1 study Qualitative Briggs et al, 2010 |
| Adverse childhood experiences |
7 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Bailey et al, 2001; Falshaw et al, 1997; Smith D et al, 2007; Smith I et al, 2007; Wood J et al, 2017; Qualitative Briggs et al, 2010; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Poor mental health |
3 studies Quantitative Bailey et al, 2001; Barlas et al, 2006; Wood J et al, 2017; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Previous victimisation |
3 studies Quantitative Barlas et al, 2006; Smith D et al, 2007; Wood J et al, 2017; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| History of violent behaviour | Not identified | Not identified | Not identified |
| Relationship risk factors | Positive association | No association | Unclear association |
| Poor parental attachment |
2 studies Quantitative Nasr et al, 2010; Smith D et al, 2007; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| High-risk peer groups |
7 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2016; Barlas et al, 2006; Falshaw et al, 1997; Hayden et al, 2010; Smith D et al, 2007; Qualitative Briggs et al, 2010; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Marital Discord | Not identified | Not identified | Not identified |
| Low socioeconomic household status | Not identified | Not identified | Not identified |
| Community risk factors | Positive association | No association | Unclear association |
| Deprivation/high rates of unemployment |
6 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2016; Nasr et al, 2010: Wood R, et al 2010; Qualitative Briggs et al, 2010; Densley et al, 2015; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| High crime levels |
1 study Quantitative Wood R, et al 2010; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Low social cohesion |
1 study Quantitative Barlas et al, 2006; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| High residential mobility | Not identified | Not identified | Not identified |
| Societal risk factors | Positive association | No association | Unclear association |
| Economic inequality |
3 studies Quantitative Nasr et al, 2010; Wood R, et al 2010; Qualitative Densley et al, 2015; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
|
Marginalisation/ stigma/ discrimination |
4 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2016; Qualitative Densley et al, 2011; Densley et al, 2015; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Perception of status and masculinity |
6 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2014; Alleyne et al, 2016; Barlas et al, 2006; Clement et al, 2010; Qualitative Briggs et al, 2010; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Relationship with police |
3 studies Quantitative Alleyne et al, 2010; Alleyne et al, 2016; Qualitative Densley et al, 2010; | 0 studies | 0 studies |
| Rapid Social Change | Not identified | Not identified | Not identified |
| Cultural norms | Not identified | Not identified | Not identified |
| Gender Inequalities | Not identified | Not identified | Not identified |