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Table 2 Bivariable Associations of Individual, Interpersonal and Neighbourhood Factors with Cyberbullying

From: Factors associated with cyber-victimization among immigrants and non-immigrants in Canada: a cross-sectional nationally-representative study

 

Immigrants

Non-Immigrants

Immigrants vs. Non-immigrants

%

POR

95% CI

%

POR

95% CI

POR

95% CI

Cyberbullying in the last 12 months

2.1

  

2.3

    

Individual-level

 Sex

  Male

2.8

2.05

1.17, 3.58

2.1

0.86

0.66, 1.12

1.34

0.84, 2.14

  Female

1.4

1.00

ref.

2.4

1.00

ref.

0.56

0.37, 0.85

 Age

  15–24 years

3.3

1.86

0.81, 4.29

3.3

2.08

1.51, 2.87

0.98

0.53, 1.82

  25–34 years

2.5

1.44

0.65, 3.20

2.6

1.63

1.13, 2.34

0.97

0.49, 1.90

  35–44 years

1.8

0.99

0.47, 2.09

2.4

1.48

1.06, 2.06

0.74

0.44, 1.25

  45 years +

1.8

1.00

ref.

1.6

1.00

ref.

1.10

0.58, 2.07

 Household income

  Under $20,000

2.5

2.11

0.94, 4.74

2.9

1.88

1.17, 3.01

1.01

0.44, 2.33

  Unknown

3.6

1.42

0.79, 2.54

3.6

1.51

1.15, 2.00

0.84

0.49, 1.46

  $20,000 +

1.7

1.00

ref.

1.9

1.00

ref.

0.90

0.61, 1.33

 Educational attainment

  High school not completed

3.1

1.51

0.54, 4.26

3.2

1.48

1.02, 2.13

0.97

0.35, 2.63

  High school or more

2.0

1.00

ref.

2.2

1.00

ref.

0.94

0.65, 1.37

 Marital status

  Married or common law

1.5

1.00

ref.

1.6

1.00

ref.

0.93

0.62, 1.40

  Widowed, separated, divorced

4.9

3.48

0.87, 13.98

2.4

1.55

1.11, 2.18

2.09

0.53, 8.31

  Single, never married

3.1

2.14

1.20, 3.83

3.5

2.31

1.75, 3.05

0.87

0.53, 1.41

 Visible minority

  Yes

1.5

0.50

0.28, 0.91

2.5

1.11

0.56, 2.19

0.61

0.28, 1.30

  No

3.0

1.00

ref.

2.2

1.00

ref.

1.34

0.81, 2.21

 Disability

  Yes

3.7

2.14

1.04, 4.42

3.7

2.14

1.65, 2.76

0.98

0.48, 1.99

  No

1.7

1.00

ref.

1.8

1.00

ref.

0.98

0.69, 1.40

 Mental health condition

  Yes

7.0

4.61

2.09, 10.18

5.7

3.70

2.83, 4.84

1.25

0.58, 2.72

  No

1.6

1.00

ref.

1.6

1.00

ref.

1.00

0.72, 1.40

 Alcohol use

  High

2.1

1.20

0.51, 2.80

2.7

1.10

0.79, 1.54

0.77

0.39, 1.52

  Low

2.4

1.39

0.89, 2.81

1.8

0.73

0.53, 1.00

1.36

0.90, 2.06

  None

1.8

1.00

ref.

2.5

1.00

ref.

0.71

0.37, 1.37

Interpersonal-level

 History of childhood victimization

  Yes

5.0

6.12

3.56, 10.52

3.6

2.24

1.74, 2.89

1.41

0.91, 2.17

  No

0.9

1.00

ref.

1.6

1.00

ref.

0.52

0.33, 0.80

 Number of close friends/relatives

  0–5

1.6

0.74

0.30, 1.83

2.7

1.51

1.14, 2.00

0.59

0.38, 0.92

  6 to 10

2.7

1.23

0.47, 3.25

2.2

1.23

0.90, 1.68

1.21

0.72, 2.04

  More than 10

2.2

1.00

ref.

1.8

1.00

ref.

1.21

0.50, 2.96

 Any IPV

  Yes

4.5

2.28

0.94, 5.53

7.0

3.61

2.55, 5.11

0.62

0.26, 1.51

  No

2.0

1.00

ref.

2.0

1.00

ref.

0.99

0.69, 1.41

 Perceived discrimination

  Yes

5.2

3.78

2.02, 7.09

5.3

3.04

2.28, 4.04

0.97

0.53, 1.78

  No

1.4

1.00

ref.

1.8

1.00

ref.

0.78

0.54, 1.12

Neighbourhood-level

 Unwelcoming neighbourhood

  Yes

8.7

5.91

2.34, 14.92

4.7

2.26

1.57, 3.25

0.74

0.53, 1.03

  No

1.6

1.00

ref.

2.1

1.00

ref.

1.93

0.77, 4.86

 Neighbourhood discrimination

  Yes

6.1

3.67

1.31, 10.28

5.8

3.00

2.01, 4.47

1.05

0.37, 2.99

  No

1.7

1.00

ref.

2

1.00

ref.

0.86

0.62, 1.18

 Neighbourhood trust

  High/moderate trust

2.8

1.00

ref.

3.2

1.00

ref.

0.86

0.52, 1.43

  Low/no trust

1.6

1.77

0.95, 3.29

1.8

1.78

1.37, 2.31

0.86

0.57, 1.31

  n (unweighted)

  

6273

  

21,152

  
  1. Abbreviations: POR prevalence odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval
  2. Note: Prevalence and POR estimates are weighted