Table 2 Linear regression results of physical health variables associated with the psychological impact of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak measured with DASS-Subscales and the IES-R
From: Psychological correlates of COVID-19 pandemic in the Austrian population
Variables | N (%) M (SD) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | Impact of Event | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | B (95% CI) | p | R2 | B (95% CI) | p | R2 | B (95% CI) | p | R2 | B (95% CI) | p | ||
Subjective health status | |||||||||||||
5-point Likert scale | 4.24 (0.71) | 0.100 | −4.83 ± 0.44 | <.001 | 0.100 | −3.76 ± 0.34 | <.001 | 0.095 | −4.46 ± 0.42 | <.001 | 0.051 | −7.68 ± 1.01 | <.001 |
(Continuous) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Pre-existing condition | |||||||||||||
Yes | 794 (19.2) | 0.004 | 1.83 ± 0.84 | <.001 | 0.020 | 2.10 ± 0.65 | <.001 | 0.004 | 1.67 ± 0.79 | <.001 | 0.005 | 4.26 ± 1.86 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3332 (80.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Fever | |||||||||||||
Yes | 75 (1.8) | 0.001 | 2.70 ± 2.47 | .032 | 0.003 | 3.17 ± 1.91 | .001 | 0.001 | 2.40 ± 2.34 | .045 | 0.002 | 7.24 ± 5.48 | .010 |
No (Ref.) | 4051 (80.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Chills | |||||||||||||
Yes | 149 (3.6) | 0.018 | 7.77 ± 1.76 | <.001 | 0.026 | 7.30 ± 1.35 | <.001 | 0.014 | 6.40 ± 1.67 | <.001 | 0.011 | 13.36 ± 3.91 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3977 (96.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Headache | |||||||||||||
Yes | 1925 (46.7) | 0.056 | 5.15 ± 0.64 | <.001 | 0.034 | 3.09 ± 0.50 | <.001 | 0.042 | 4.24 ± 0.61 | <.001 | 0.017 | 6.27 ± 1.46 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 2201 (53.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Myalgia | |||||||||||||
Yes | 936 (22.7) | 0.020 | 3.62 ± 0.78 | <.001 | 0.022 | 2.97 ± 0.60 | <.001 | 0.018 | 3.27 ± 0.74 | <.001 | 0.006 | 4.42 ± 1.75 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3190 (77.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Cough | |||||||||||||
Yes | 886 (21.5) | 0.006 | 1.97 ± 0.80 | <.001 | 0.008 | 1.87 ± 0.62 | <.001 | 0.002 | 1.23 ± 0.76 | .002 | 0.003 | 3.19 ± 1.78 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3240 (78.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
Respiratory problems | |||||||||||||
Yes | 222 (5.4) 3904 (94.6) (5.4) | 0.016 | 1.97 ± 0.80 | <.001 | 0.050 | 8.32 ± 1.11 | <.001 | 0.013 | 5.22 ± 1.38 | <.001 | 0.008 | 9.64 ± 3.24 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3940 (94.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Dizziness | |||||||||||||
Yes | 631 (15.3) | 0.053 | 6.90 ± 0.89 | <.001 | 0.070 | 6.14 ± 0.69 | <.001 | 0.047 | 6.19 ± 0.85 | <.001 | 0.025 | 10.54 ± 2.01 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3495 (84.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Coryza | |||||||||||||
Yes | 1307 (31.7) | 0.007 | 1.89 ± 0.71 | <.001 | 0.006 | 1.41 ± 0.55 | <.001 | 0.002 | 1.05 ± 0.67 | .002 | 0.000 | 1.15 ± 1.58 | .15 |
No (Ref.) | 2819 (68.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Sore throat | |||||||||||||
Yes | 968 (23.5) | 0.019 | 3.53 ± 0.77 | <.001 | 0.021 | 2.85 ± 0.60 | <.001 | 0.008 | 2.11 ± 0.74 | <.001 | 0.007 | 4.66 ± 1.72 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3158 (76.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Medical treatment in the past 14 days | |||||||||||||
Yes | 342 (8.3) | 0.009 | 3.68 ± 1.19 | <.001 | 0.010 | 2.98 ± 0.92 | <.001 | 0.007 | 3.21 ± 1.13 | <.001 | 0.004 | 5.59 ± 2.65 | .010 |
No (Ref.) | 3784 (91.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Direct contact with individual in the past 14 days with confirmed infection | |||||||||||||
Yes | 107 (2.6) | 0.000 | 1.41 ± 2.08 | .19 | 0.002 | 2.36 ± 1.61 | .004 | 0.001 | 1.90 ± 1.97 | .06 | 0.000 | 3.61 ± 4.61 | .12 |
No (Ref.) | 4019 (97.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Indirect contact with individual in the past 14 days with confirmed infection | |||||||||||||
Yes | 202 (7.3) | 0.003 | 2.25 ± 1.27 | <.001 | 0.003 | 1.74 ± 0.98 | <.001 | 0.003 | 2.05 ± 1.20 | <.001 | 0.002 | 3.71 ± 2.81 | <.01 |
No (Ref.) | 3824 (92.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Contact with individual with suspected infection | |||||||||||||
Yes | 544 (13.2) | 0.004 | 2.02 ± 0.97 | <.001 | 0.004 | 1.60 ± 0.75 | <.001 | 0.002 | 1.31 ± 0.92 | <.001 | 0.003 | 4.11 ± 2.16 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3582 (86.8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Contact with infectious materials individual | |||||||||||||
Yes | 1472 (35.7) | 0.001 | 0.79 ± 0.69 | .024 | 0.003 | 0.88 ± 0.53 | .001 | 0.001 | 0.85 ± 0.65 | .011 | 0.000 | 0.80 ± 1.53 | .31 |
No (Ref.) | 2654 (64.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Hospitalization in the past 14 days | |||||||||||||
Yes | 17 (0.4) | 0.001 | 3.91 ± 5.16 | .14 | 0.000 | 2.59 ± 3.99 | .20 | 0.001 | 4.20 ± 4.89 | .09 | 0.000 | 6.55 ± 11.44 | .26 |
No (Ref.) | 4109 (99.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Testing for COVID-19 in the past 14 days | |||||||||||||
Yes | 62 (1.5) | 0.003 | 4.49 ± 2.71 | <.01 | 0.001 | 2.20 ± 2.10 | .041 | 0.002 | 3.86 ± 2.57 | .003 | 0.000 | 3.48 ± 6.03 | .26 |
No (Ref.) | 4064 (98.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||
Quarantine in the past 14 days | |||||||||||||
Yes | 177 (4.3) | 0.003 | 2.80 ± 1.63 | <.001 | 0.005 | 3.04 ± 1.26 | <.001 | 0.003 | 2.82 ± 1.54 | <.001 | 0.003 | 6.69 ± 3.61 | <.001 |
No (Ref.) | 3949 (95.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||