Table 1 Linear regression results of demographic variables associated with the psychological impact of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak measured with DASS-Subscales and the IES-R

 Male

4.68 ± 0.74

<.001

−2.59 ± 0.58

<.001

−2.74 ± 0.71

<.001

−11.41 ± 1.63

<.001

 Female (Ref.)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age (Continuous)

0.11 ± 0.02

<.001

−0.05 ± 0.02

<.001

− 0.11 ± 0.02

<.001

−0.02 ± 0.05

.48

 Single

3.37 ± 3.19

.039

−0.71 ± 2.47

.58

3.19 ± 3.01

.038

4.61 ± 7.09

.20

 Married/Partnership

2.92 ± 3.15

.07

−1.29 ± 2.44

.30

0.37 ± 2.97

.80

4.67 ± 7.00

.19

 Divorced

1.23 ± 3.49

.49

−1.83 ± 2.71

.19

0.38 ± 3.29

.82

5.54 ± 7.76

.16

 Widowed (Ref.)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Household size (Continuous)

0.03 ± 0.15

.67

−0.01 ± 0.12

.86

−0.10 ± 0.14

.16

0.04 ± 0.33

.80

 Yes

0.82 ± 0.69

.020

0.09 ± 0.54

.75

−1.17 ± 0.66

<.001

1.25 ± 1.54

.11

 No (Ref.)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 No formal education

2.40 ± 4.07

.25

2.07 ± 3.14

.20

4.19 ± 3.84

.033

4.31 ± 9.02

.35

 Lower secondary education

2.60 ± 2.03

.012

2.20 ± 1.57

.006^a

4.33 ± 1.92

<.001^a

7.59 ± 4.51

<.001^a

 Vocational education

0.79 ± 1.64

.35

1.83 ± 1.27

.005^a

1.71 ± 1.55

.031

5.21 ± 3.64

.005^a

 High School Certificate

1.66 ± 1.55

.036

1.43 ± 1.20

.002

2.53 ± 1.46

<.001^a

3.58 ± 3.44

.041

 Bachelor Degree

1.33 ± 1.68

.12

0.87 ± 1.30

.19

1.70 ± 1.58

.036

2.87 ± 3.73

.13

 Master Degree

0.91 ± 1.57

.26

0.11 ± 1.21

.86

0.25 ± 1.48

.74

2.20 ± 3.48

.22

 Doctorate/PhD (Ref.)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Employment status

 Unemployed

3.19 ± 1.52

<.001^a

2.73 ± 1.18

<.001^a

4.60 ± 1.43

<.001^a

4.71 ± 3.39

.006^a

 Retired

−1.40 ± 1.21

<.05

0.46 ± 0.94

.34

0.14 ± 1.14

.81

2.62 ± 2.70

.06

 Student

1.83 ± 0.97

<.001^a

0.91 ± 0.75

.018

3.52 ± 0.91

<.001^a

−0.04 ± 2.15

.97

 Pupil

1.98 ± 2.03

.06

1.49 ± 1.58

.06

5.17 ± 1.91

<.001^a

1.39 ± 4.52

.55

 Self-Employed

−0.74 ± 1.31

.27

−0.51 ± 1.02

.33

−0.63 ± 1.23

.32

−1.86 ± 2.93

.21

 Employed (Ref.)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Home Office

−0.71 ± 0.74

.06

−1.31 ± 0.57

<.001^a

−2.28 ± 0.70

<.001^a

−2.34 ± 1.65

.005^a

 Holiday

0.12 ± 1.78

.89

−0.32 ± 0.77

.63

−1.09 ± 1.68

.20

−2.03 ± 3.95

.31

 Sick Leave

3.96 ± 2.45

.002^a

4.80 ± 1.89

<.001^a

4.17 ± 2.31

<.001^a

8.93 ± 5.43

.001^a

 Others

−0.08 ± 1.00

.87

−0.32 ± 0.77

.41

−1.41 ± 0.94

.003^a

0.10 ± 2.22

.93

 Normal (Ref.)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Hours per day spent at home (Continuous)

0.19 ± 0.08

<.001

0.10 ± 0.06

.002

0.18 ± 0.07

<.001

0.13 ± 0.18

.14

 Several times a day

−1.21 ± 2.71

.38

−2.52 ± 2.10

.018*

−3.23 ± 2.57

.014^a

−1.30 ± 6.01

.67

 Daily

−1.47 ± 2.77

.30

−2.87 ± 2.14

.009^a

−3.23 ± 2.62

.016^a

−2.50 ± 6.13

.42

 Every few days

−2.29 ± 2.78

.11

−3.51 ± 2.15

.001^a

−3.69 ± 2.64

.006^a

−4.58 ± 6.17

.15

 Once in a Week

−1.54 ± 3.21

.35

−1.64 ± 2.48

.20

−2.87 ± 3.04

.06

−1.87 ± 7.11

.61

 Never (Ref.)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–