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Table 3 Child outcomes at 6-months grouped by intervention and comparison groups

From: Community health workers impact on maternal and child health outcomes in rural South Africa – a non-randomized two-group comparison study

 

Intervention

(n = 565)

Comparison

(n = 574)

Estimated Mean Difference

Intervention vs. Comparison

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Differencea

95% CI

Growth measures

 Height-for-age Z-score (HAZ)**

0.5

1.6

0.7

1.6

−0.2e,f

(−0.4, 0.1)

 Weight-for-age Z score (WAZ)

0.4

1.3

0.3

1.2

0.1 e,f

(−0.1, 0.3)

 Weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) ***

0.3

1.5

−0.0

1.6

0.3e,f †††

(0.1–0.6)

     

Estimated Odds Ratio

Intervention vs. Comparison

 

n

%

n

%

ORb

95% CI

Growth measures

 Stunted (HAZ < -2 SD)

33

5.9

23

4.1

1.6e,f

(0.6, 3.9)

 Underweight (WAZ < −2 SD)

13

2.3

22

3.9

0.4e†

(0.1, 1.0)

 Wasting (WHZ < -2SD) ***

27

4.8

56

9.4

0.5††

(0.3, 0.9)

Breastfeeding

 Currently breastfeeding

274

48.5

301

52.4

0.5e,g

(0.1, 5.4)

     

Estimated Odds Ratio

Intervention vs. Comparison

 

n

%

n

%

ORc

95% CI

Breastfeeding

 Exclusive Breastfeeding for 3 months

349

61.8

352

61.3

1.6

(0.8, 3.3)

 Exclusive Breastfeeding for 6 months

177

31.3

156

27.2

1.8††

(1.1, 2.9)

 If not breastfeeding exclusively, started mixing formula with Nestum/Baby porridge***

380

80.3

447

88.3

0.4††

(0.2, 0.8)

Immunizations current*

302

57.5

280

52.0

1.1

(0.8, 1.6)

Vitamin A has been given

140

26.7

139

25.8

1.3

(0.8, 2.0)

Child illness during the past 2 weeks

 Diarrhoea

136

24.1

130

22.7

1.3

(0.9, 1.9)

 Vomiting**

49

8.7

78

13.4

0.5††

(0.3,0.9)

 Cough

250

44.3

279

48.6

0.6††

(0.4, 0.8)

 Shortness of breath

95

16.8

115

20.0

0.8

(0.5, 1.2)

 Fever

157

27.8

188

32.8

0.8

(0.6, 1.1)

 Runny nose**

143

25.3

185

32.2

0.7††

(0.5, 0.9)

Medical Visits (past 3 months)

 Hospital visit**

24

4.3

43

7.5

0.5

(0.3, 1.1)

 Clinic for illness

300

53.1

313

54.5

0.8

(0.6, 1.2)

 Consulted with traditional healer***

6

1.1

24

4.2

0.2††

(0.1, 0.8)

 Consulted with private doctor*

29

5.1

46

8.0

0.6

(0.3, 1.2)

 Consulted with a private pharmacy***

29

5.1

79

13.8

0.2††

(0.1, 0.4)

WHO Development

 On/Ahead target vs Behind target

399

93.0

415

91.2

1.3

(0.7, 2.6)

     

Estimated Incident Rate Ratio

Intervention vs. Comparison

 

n

%

n

%

IRRd

95% CI

Total Count of Symptoms during the past 2 weeks

 0

190

33.6

173

30.1

0.8††

(0.7,0.9)

 1

137

24.3

128

22.3

 2

106

18.8

104

18.1

 3

74

13.1

81

14.1

 4

34

6.0

53

9.2

 5

21

3.7

26

4.5

 6

3

0.5

9

1.6

  1. Multivariate regression models controlled for: maternal HIV status, access to electricity and safe water, and having total grant income above 2000 ZAR
  2. * p-value < 0.1,, ** p-value < 0.05, *** p-value < 0.001 (t-tests or χb tests); p-value < 0.1, †† p-value < 0.05, ††† p-value < 0.001 for regression analyses
  3. a Mixed-effects linear regression for continuous outcomes; b Mixed-effects logistic regression for binary outcomes; c Multivariate logistic regression for binary outcomes; d Multivariate negative binomial regression for count outcomes
  4. e Random-intercept for child
  5. f Random-slope for time using unstructured covariance
  6. g Random-slope for time using identity covariance structure