Intervention (n = 636) | Comparison (n = 674) | Total (n = 1310) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Maternal age, median [range] | 24 [14, 46] | 23 [14, 50] | 24 [14, 50] | |||
Highest education level, mean (SD) | 8.7 (2.9) | 8.9 (2.4) | 8.8 (2.6) | |||
Employment** | ||||||
Employed | 48 (7.6) | 32 (4.8) | 80 (6.1) | |||
School | 123 (19.4) | 161 (24.0) | 284 (21.8) | |||
Unemployed | 464 (73.1) | 478 (71.2) | 942 (72.1) | |||
Married or lives with partner* | 257 (40.4) | 236 (35.1) | 493 (37.7) | |||
Total grant income (> 2000 Rand)*** | 177 (28.6) | 247 (37.9) | 424 (33.4) | |||
Total child support grant | 577 (92.1) | 588 (93.3) | 1145 (92.7) | |||
Access to electricity*** | 272 (42.8) | 553 (82.1) | 825 (63.0) | |||
Access to safe water***a | 607 (95.4) | 264 (39.2) | 871 (66.5) | |||
Number of adults in household, mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.9) | 3.6 (2.0) | 3.5 (2.0) | |||
Number of children in household, mean (SD) | 4.0 (1.9) | 4.1 (1.9) | 4.1 (1.9) | |||
Alcohol | ||||||
Use alcohol during pregnancy | 48 (7.6) | 42 (6.2) | 90 (6.9) | |||
Use alcohol before pregnancy | 36 (5.7) | 46 (6.8) | 82 (6.3) | |||
Continued to use alcohol after pregnancy discovery | 2 (18.2) | 6 (37.5) | 8 (29.6) | |||
Maternal and Mental health | ||||||
Antenatal care | 635 (99.8) | 672 (99.7) | 1307 (99.8) | |||
Total antenatal visits, mean (SD)*** | 4.3 (1.6) | 3.9 (1.7) | 4.1 (1.7) | |||
Total previous pregnancies, mean (SD) *** | 1.5 (1.6) | 1.3 (1.5) | 1.4 (1.6) | |||
Number of live births, mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.0 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | |||
EPDS, median [range] | 5 [0–27] | 5 [0–30] | 5 [0–30] | |||
EPDS > 13 | 79 (12.4) | 86 (12.8) | 165 (12.6) | |||
EPDS ≥18 | 26 (4.1) | 31 (4.6) | 57 (4.4) | |||
HIV and Reproductive Health Behavior | ||||||
Tested for HIV during pregnancy | 568 (89.6) | 604 (89.9) | 1172 (89.5) | |||
Mothers living with HIV | 187 (29.6) | 204 (30.4) | 391 (30.0) | |||
Ever receipt ARVs | 183 (97.9) | 202 (99.5) | 385 (98.7) | |||
ARVs before pregnancy | 90 (48.1) | 86 (42.4) | 176 (45.1) | |||
ARVs currently (Single pink pill-FDC or TEE) | 172 (94.0) | 194 (96.5) | 366 (95.3) | |||
Disclosed HIV status | 173 (92.5) | 184 (90.6) | 357 (91.5) | |||
Husband/boyfriend/partner | 28 (16.2) | 26 (14.1) | 54 (15.1) | |||
Family (Mother/Sister/Mother-in-law, Other) | 137 (79.2) | 141 (76.6) | 278 (77.9) | |||
Other (Friend/Mentor-mother/CHW/Neighbor) | 8 (4.6) | 17 (9.2) | 25 (7.0) | |||
Number of people disclosed to, mean (SD) | 1.7 (0.8) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.8) | |||
Paternal characteristics | ||||||
Child lives with father | 108 (17.0) | 98 (14.5) | 206 (15.7) | |||
Father alcohol use | 319 (51.9) | 346 (54.7) | 665 (53.3) | |||
Father tobacco use | 188 (29.8) | 197 (29.8) | 385 (29.8) | |||
Father drug use | 32 (5.2) | 25 (3.9) | 57 (4.5) | |||
Father living with HIV+ | 57 (30.5) | 58 (28.6) | 115 (29.5) | |||
Breastfeeding | ||||||
Breastfeeding at baseline interview | 601 (94.5) | 644 (95.6) | 1245 (95.0) | |||
Breastfeed within 1 h of birth | 546 (85.8) | 556 (82.5) | 1102 (84.1) | |||
Child outcomes at birth | ||||||
Birth in hospital *** b | 591 (92.9) | 649 (96.3) | 1240 (94.7) | |||
LBW (less than 2500 g) | 65 (10.5) | 73 (11.2) | 138 (10.9) | |||
WAZ, mean (SD) | −0.6 (1.1) | −0.6 (1.1) | −0.6 (1.1) | |||
Underweight (WAZ < −2 SD) | 57 (9.2) | 63 (9.7) | 120 (9.5) | |||
HAZ, mean (SD) | 0.2 (1.5) | 0.2 (1.5) | 0.2 (1.5) | |||
Stunted (HAZ < −2 SD) | 41 (6.5) | 48 (7.2) | 89 (6.8) | |||
WHZ, mean (SD) | −1.8 (2.3) | −1.6 (2.2) | −1.7 (2.2) | |||
Wasting (WHZ < -2 SD) | 220 (37.2) | 213 (33.5) | 433 (35.3) | |||
Apgar Score at 5 min, mean (SD) | 10.0 (0.7) | 9.9 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.8) | |||
Apgar Score at 5 min (7 and above) | 588 (99.5) | 641 (98.8) | 1229 (99.1) |