Table 2 Associations between social determinants and the presence of each chronic disease and multi-morbidity among adults, n = 3280

Age (≥ 65 vs. <  65 years)

0.92 (0.73–1.15)

0.61 (0.47–0.80)

1.24 (0.86–1.80)

1.12 (0.76–1.64)

1.98* (1.48–2.65)

1.96** (1.30–2.95)

1.46** (1.17–1.83)

Sex (Men vs. Women)

1.39** (1.14–1.70)

0.72 (0.57–0.92)

1.41*** (1.02–1.96)

1.37 (0.97–1.94)

1.76* (1.36–2.29)

2.24* (1.56–3.23)

1.06 (0.89–1.27)

African American/Asian/Other vs. Caucasian

2.71* (2.23–3.48)

1.00 (0.75–1.34)

1.22 (0.81–1.83)

1.40 (0.94–2.10)

2.56* (1.92–3.42)

1.93** (1.28–2.91)

0.58 (0.47–0.71)

≤ Primary school vs. ≥ high school

2.00** (1.27–3.13)

1.70 (0.98–2.95)

0.81 (0.34–1.94)

2.15*** (1.12–4.12)

1.14 (0.64–2.02)

0.96 (0.43–2.12)

0.74 (0.61–0.92)

Unemployed vs. employed

1.26*** (1.01–1.57)

1.23 (0.95–1.59)

1.73** (1.21–2.48)

1.58*** (1.10–2.30)

1.13 (0.86–1.50)

1.70** (1.15–2.53)

0.62 (0.52–0.75)

Unmarried/widow/divorced vs. married

1.41*** (1.06–1.87)

1.75** (1.26–2.42)

2.77** (1.79–4.29)

2.76* (1.76–4.32)

1.86** (1.31–2.64)

3.34* (2.13–5.23)

1.11 (0.80–1.45)

Live alone vs. live with others

0.77 (0.57–1.05)

0.67 (0.47–0.96)

0.52 (0.33–0.84)

0.51 (0.31–0.82)

0.57 (0.39–0.83)

0.28 (0.67–0.47)

1.08 (0.80–1.45)

Annual Income in USD (< 50,000 vs. ≥ 50,000)

1.33*** (1.07–1.65)

1.12 (0.87–1.45)

0.94 (0.66–1.35)

1.05 (0.72–1.52)

1.44** (1.09–1.89)

1.19 (0.81–1.74)

1.38* (1.09–1.75)

Overweight/obese vs. normal weight

1.31 (0.96–1.79)

1.44 (0.98–2.11)

0.91 (0.55–1.49)

1.07 (0.65–1.76)

2.28** (1.43–3.63)

1.33 (0.77–2.30)

0.67 (0.55–0.80)

Current/former smoker vs. never

1.57** (1.20–2.05)

1.16 (0.85–1.59)

2.47** (1.52–4.00)

2.53** (1.58–4.05)

1.05 (0.75–1.47)

1.63*** (1.02–2.58)

1.24** (1.02–1.51)

Alcohol consumption (yes vs. no)

1.32*** (1.02–1.72)

1.16 (0.84–1.58)

1.45 (0.93–2.27)

1.65*** (1.07–2.54)

1.50*** (1.08–2.10)

1.54 (0.98–2.41)

1.24*** (1.01–1.52)