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Table 2 The associations between local amenities, green and blue spaces and dementia (based on the GMS-AGECAT algorithm or the 10/66 dementia diagnostic algorithm) in CFAS II and the 10/66 study

From: Neighbourhood environment and dementia in older people from high-, middle- and low-income countries: results from two population-based cohort studies

 

CFAS II (GMS-AGECAT)

10/66 study (GMS-AGECAT)

10/66 study (the 10/66 algorithm)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Local amenities

 Lifestyle

  Café

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

1.06 (0.73, 1.53)

1.03 (0.69, 1.54)

1.00 (0.80, 1.26)

1.04 (0.82, 1.33)

0.89 (0.70, 1.13)

0.88 (0.68, 1.15)

T3

1.00 (0.68, 1.48)

1.07 (0.69, 1.64)

1.69 (1.30, 2.19)

1.50 (1.13, 1.99)

1.49 (1.12, 1.99)

1.34 (0.93, 1.83)

  Library

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

1.03 (0.71, 1.50)

1.01 (0.68, 1.52)

1.32 (1.06, 1.66)

1.25 (0.99, 1.58)

1.23 (0.96, 1.57)

1.16 (0.90, 1.50)

T3

1.01 (0.69, 1.47)

1.15 (0.76, 1.74)

1.63 (1.23, 2.17)

1.28 (0.95, 1.73)

1.21 (0.89, 1.64)

1.00 (0.73, 1.39)

  Movie theatre

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

0.99 (0.68, 1.47)

0.97 (0.64, 1.48)

1.09 (0.86, 1.37)

1.03 (0.82, 1.31)

1.22 (0.96, 1.55)

1.18 (0.92, 1.51)

T3

1.21 (0.81, 1.79)

1.19 (0.77, 1.84)

1.20 (0.93, 1.55)

1.09 (0.84, 1.42)

1.09 (0.82, 1.44)

1.00 (0.74, 1.36)

  Park

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

0.87 (0.61, 1.24)

0.89 (0.61, 1.32)

0.86 (0.69, 1.08)

0.87 (0.69, 1.09)

0.78 (0.61, 1.00)

0.77 (0.59, 0.99)

T3

0.64 (0.42, 0.95)

0.64 (0.41, 1.00)

0.99 (0.75, 1.30)

0.88 (0.66, 1.17)

1.14 (0.84, 1.55)

0.99 (0.72, 1.36)

 Daily life

  Post office

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

1.23 (0.84, 1.80)

1.31 (0.86, 1.99)

1.15 (0.87, 1.51)

1.14 (0.84, 1.54)

0.77 (0.57, 1.03)

0.78 (0.57, 1.07)

T3

1.20 (0.82, 1.76)

1.47 (0.96, 2.24)

1.79 (1.38, 2.31)

1.53 (1.15, 2.04)

1.30 (0.96, 1.75)

1.23 (0.88, 1.72)

  Convenience store

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

1.00 (0.69, 1.45)

1.03 (0.69, 1.54)

0.93 (0.73, 1.18)

0.93 (0.72, 1.20)

1.19 (0.90, 1.56)

1.18 (0.89, 1.58)

T3

0.99 (0.67, 1.44)

1.04 (0.69, 1.59)

1.20 (0.90, 1.61)

1.11 (0.82, 1.50)

1.46 (1.05, 2.03)

1.46 (1.03, 2.07)

 Healthcare

  Doctor/hospital

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

1.02 (0.71, 1.46)

0.96 (0.64, 1.42)

0.95 (0.75, 1.21)

0.92 (0.72, 1.17)

1.14 (0.89, 1.47)

1.08 (0.83, 1.40)

T3

0.81 (0.55, 1.19)

0.92 (0.60, 1.39)

1.05 (0.77, 1.43)

1.06 (0.78, 1.46)

1.32 (0.94, 1.85)

1.32 (0.93, 1.87)

  Pharmacy

T1

–

–

–

–

–

–

T2

1.09 (0.76, 1.54)

1.12 (0.76, 1.65)

0.97 (0.77, 1.22)

0.98 (0.78, 1.24)

1.17 (0.92, 1.49)

1.15 (0.89, 1.48)

T3

0.69 (0.46, 1.04)

0.76 (0.49, 1.19)

1.07 (0.84, 1.35)

1.01 (0.80, 1.29)

1.32 (1.02, 1.71)

1.25 (0.95, 1.64)

Green/blue spaces

 400 m

  Recreational green

L

–

–

–

–

–

–

M

1.00 (0.67, 1.48)

0.93 (0.62, 1.39)

0.92 (0.71, 1.18)

1.07 (0.83, 1.38)

0.76 (0.57, 1.00)

0.87 (0.65, 1.18)

H

1.36 (0.93, 1.99)

1.24 (0.84, 1.84)

0.66 (0.49, 0.88)

0.89 (0.66, 1.20)

0.65 (0.48, 0.87)

0.82 (0.60, 1.15)

  Nature

L

–

–

–

–

–

–

M

0.99 (0.68, 1.44)

1.04 (0.70, 1.53)

0.98 (0.74, 1.30)

0.97 (0.73, 1.28)

1.00 (0.71, 1.41)

1.00 (0.71, 1.41)

H

0.92 (0.64, 1.33)

0.99 (0.68, 1.46)

    

  Blue space

None

–

–

–

–

–

–

Any

1.02 (0.68, 1.52)

1.07 (0.70, 1.62)

1.07 (0.72, 1.61)

1.09 (0.73, 1.64)

0.86 (0.55, 1.33)

0.86 (0.55, 1.36)

 800 m

  Recreational green

L

–

–

–

–

–

–

M

1.30 (0.86, 1.95)

1.21 (0.79, 1.85)

1.07 (0.78, 1.47)

1.10 (0.79, 1.53)

0.98 (0.91, 1.62)

0.99 (0.70, 1.42)

H

1.34 (0.84, 2.12)

1.24 (0.77, 2.00)

0.69 (0.49, 0.95)

0.82 (0.58, 1.15)

0.80 (0.57, 1.11)

0.92 (0.65, 1.31)

  Nature

L

–

–

–

–

–

–

M

1.01 (0.70, 1.45)

1.03 (0.70, 1.50)

0.99 (0.74, 1.33)

0.90 (0.67, 1.22)

1.09 (0.76, 1.58)

0.99 (0.67, 1.45)

H

0.86 (0.59, 1.27)

0.92 (0.61, 1.37)

    

  Blue space

None

–

–

–

–

–

–

Any

1.04 (0.76, 1.41)

1.05 (0.76, 1.45)

1.10 (0.82, 1.46)

1.12 (0.85, 1.49)

1.05 (0.77, 1.44)

1.12 (0.81, 1.53)

  1. All models adjusted for centre (CFAS II) or site (10/66); Model 1: unadjusted; Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, education, social class/assets and self-rated health; T1, T2, T3: first, second and third tertile of distance to the nearest local amenities; H, M, L: high, middle and low percentages of green and blue spaces within 400 m or 800 m by tertiles