From: Hypertension and diabetes in Zanzibar – prevalence and access to care
Hypertension | Diabetes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Female | 0.9 | (0.63, 1.29) | 0.570 | 1.0 | (0.55, 1.85) | 0.985 |
Age | ||||||
24–34 years | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
35–49 years | 2.1 | (1.43, 3.08) | < 0.001 | 3.2 | (1.33, 7.69) | 0.009 |
50–64 years | 7.7 | (4.93, 12.02) | < 0.001 | 14.0 | (6.05, 32.65) | < 0.001 |
Residence | ||||||
Rural | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Urban | 0.8 | (0.57, 1.10) | 0.167 | 1.4 | (0.80, 2.41) | 0.247 |
Education | ||||||
No formal education | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Some primary/secondary school | 0.6 | (0.44, 0.89) | 0.008 | 1.6 | (0.82, 2.66) | 0.174 |
Secondary school or above complete | 0.8 | (0.54, 1.22) | 0.306 | 2.0 | (0.98, 4.19) | 0.058 |
Employment | ||||||
No formal or self employment | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Self employed | 0.9 | (0.63, 1.22) | 0.422 | 1.7 | (0.85, 3.26) | 0.139 |
Formally employed | 0.8 | (0.52, 1.31) | 0.414 | 1.3 | (0.58, 2.76) | 0.563 |
Tobacco use | ||||||
Never smoked | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Former smoker | 1.5 | (0.73, 2.87) | 0.288 | 0.8 | (0.32, 2.14) | 0.692 |
Current smoker | 0.7 | (0.40, 1.17) | 0.168 | 0.9 | (0.37, 2.34) | 0.881 |
BMI | ||||||
Normal or underweight | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
Overweight | 1.3 | (0.94, 1.91) | 0.111 | 1.9 | (0.99, 3.49) | 0.056 |
Obese | 3.1 | (2.12–4.44) | < 0.001 | 2.1 | (1.00, 4.37) | 0.051 |
Fasting blood glucose | ||||||
Normal fasting blood glucose | 1.0 | |||||
Raised fasting blood glucose | 2.4 | (1.34, 4.22) | 0.003 | – | – | – |
Total cholesterol | ||||||
Normal cholesterol | 1.0 | |||||
High cholesterol | 1.4 | (0.80, 2.35) | 0.251 | 2.0 | (0.89, 4.43) | 0.091 |
Sedentary time | ||||||
Sedentary for less than 3 h/day | 1.0 | |||||
Sedentary for at least 3 h/day | 1.0 | (0.76, 1.39) | 0.854 | 0.6 | (0.36, 1.09) | 0.099 |
Mental illness | ||||||
No signs of mental illness | 1.0 | |||||
Mental illness present | 1.6 | (0.83, 3.18) | 0.155 | 1.7 | (0.64, 4.46) | 0.290 |