From: Hypertension and diabetes in Zanzibar – prevalence and access to care
Characteristics [mean (SEM) or unweighted n (%)] | Total | Women | Men |
---|---|---|---|
2146 (100%) | 1354 (53.1%) | 792 (46.9%) | |
Age (years) [mean] | 38.4 [0.30] | 37.6 [0.34] | 39.2 [0.51] |
BMI (kg/m2) [mean] | 24.5 [0.18] | 25.3 [0.24] | 23.5 [0.25] |
Blood pressure (mmHg), measured | |||
Systolic blood pressure [mean] | 130.2 [0.72] | 127.7 [1.00] | 132.9 [1.03] |
Diastolic blood pressure [mean] | 77.8 [0.44] | 77.7 [0.59] | 79 [13.9] |
BP ≥140/90 mmHg | 340 (29.8%) | 221 (28.5%) | 119 (31.4%) |
Age groups | |||
25–34 years | 717 (40.0%) | 469 (41.1%) | 248 (38.7%) |
35–49 years | 897 (43.0%) | 593 (45.1%) | 304 (40.7%) |
50–64 years | 532 (17.0%) | 292 (13.7%) | 240 (20.6%) |
Blood glucose (mmol/L), measured | |||
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) [mean] | 4.41 [0.05] | 4.36 [0.08] | 4.48 [0.07] |
Impaired FBG | 65 (2.5%) | 41 (1.9%) | 24 (3.2%) |
Diabetic FBG (at or above 6.1 mmol/L) | 99 (3.9%) | 61 (3.7%) | 38 (4.0%) |
Marital status | |||
single, never married | 138 (9.3%) | 60 (0.06%) | 78 (13.3%) |
married or cohabiting | 1741 (81.3%) | 1060 (80.2%) | 681 (82.6%) |
divorced or widowed | 267 (9.4%) | 234 (14.2%) | 33 (0.04%) |
Residence | |||
Rural | 1337 (50.2%) | 826 (49.4%) | 511 (51.1%) |
Urban | 809 (49.8%) | 528 (50.6%) | 281 (48.9%) |
Education | |||
No formal education | 554 (18.9%) | 418 (24.2%) | 136 (13.0%) |
Some primary or secondary education | 958 (48.8%) | 574 (46.9%) | 384 (50.9%) |
Secondary education or above completed | 634 (32.3%) | 362 (28.9%) | 272 (36.0%) |
Employment status | |||
No formal employment | 846 (34.6%) | 769 (56.9%) | 77 (9.5%) |
Self-employed | 972 (45.5%) | 430 (29.4%) | 542 (63.8%) |
Formally employed | 328 (19.8%) | 155 (13.8%) | 173 (26.7%) |
Tobacco use | |||
Never smoked | 1850 (85.9%) | 1310 (97.8%) | 540 (72.4%) |
Current smoker | 139 (7.3%) | 31 (1.4%) | 126 (14.0%) |
Former smoker | 157 (6.8%) | 13 (0.8%) | 126 (13.6%) |
Sedentary time/day | |||
Less than 3 h | 1459 (69.1%) | 916 (68.3%) | 543 (70.1%) |
3 h or more | 687 (30.9%) | 438 (31.7%) | 249 (29.9%) |
Physical activity level/week | |||
At or above 600 METs | 1488 (69.4%) | 856 (63.3%) | 632 (79.8%) |
Below 600 METs | 656 (30.6%) | 496 (36.7%) | 160 (20.2%) |
BMI classification | |||
Underweight | 153 (8.1%) | 110 (8.5%) | 70 (7.9%) |
Normal weight | 1180 (54.7%) | 659 (48.8%) | 494 (61.2%) |
Overweight | 474 (22.3%) | 306 (22.2%) | 168 (22.3%) |
Obese | 339 (14.9%) | 279 (20.4%) | 60 (8.7%) |
Total cholesterol | |||
Raised (≥5 mmol/L) | 593 (25.8%) | 446 (31.0%) | 147 (19.8%) |
Previous diagnosed with diabetes | 40 (1.7%) | 20 (1.2%) | 20 (2.2%) |
Mental ill health | 152 (6.9%) | 118 (8.7%) | 34 (4.9%) |
Has hypertension (as per study definition) | 813 (33.5%) | 515 (35.5%) | 298 (32.8%) |
Has diabetes (as per study definition) | 114 (4.7%) | 69 (4.6%) | 45 (4.7%) |
Previously had BP measured | 1151 (50.0%) | 872 (69.9%) | 279 (32.3%) |
Previously had FBG measured | 382 (16.4%) | 249 (17.9%) | 133 (14.5%) |