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Table 3 The comparison of the mean scores of awareness, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-medication behaviors in the intervention and control groups before and after the intervention

From: Application of Freire’s adult education model in modifying the psychological constructs of health belief model in self-medication behaviors of older adults: a randomized controlled trial

Variables

Groups

Before Intervention

After Intervention

p-valueb

Mean Difference ± SD

95% confidence interval for Difference

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Lower

Upper

Awareness

Intervention

Control

48.63 ± 18.21

44.45 ± 19.86

82.87 ± 12.24

45.3 ± 19.70

<  0.001

0.44

−34.25 ± 19.77

−6.66 ± 10.86

−39.10

−9.33

−29.38

− 0.99

p-valuea

0.85

<  0.001

   

Perceived Susceptibility

Intervention

Control

47.65 ± 15.49

48.10 ± 17.02

78.79 ± 17.58

50.12 ± 15.71

<  0.001

0.59

−31.14 ± 24.65

−2.05 ± 31.33

−37.19

−9.75

− 2508

5.66

p-valuea

0.87

<  0.001

  

Perceived Severity

Intervention

Control

49.53 ± 16.08

45.46 ± 13.38

62.22 ± 14.05

44.51 ± 11.47

<  0.001

0.3

−12.70 ± 20.98

1.14 ± 4.09

−17.85

0.13

−7.54

2.14

p-valuea

0.13

<  0.001

  

Perceived Benefits

Intervention

Control

53.10 ± 19.44

55.75 ± 6.39

75.75 ± 11.24

56.89 ± 5.99

<  0.001

0.2

−22.65 ± 17.83

−1.14 ± 2.89

−27.03

− 1.85

−18.26

−0.43

p-valuea

0.29

< 0.001

  

Perceived Barriers

Intervention

Control

58.10 ± 17.66

50.60 ± 18.19

53.33 ± 18.48

50.83 ± 16.88

0.04

0.81

4.78 ± 19.18

−0.23 ± 7.77

0.06

−2.13

9.49

1.67

p-valuea

0.01

0.41

  

Self-Medication Behavior

Intervention

Control

45.74 ± 11.98

48.48 ± 17.59

15.53 ± 5.82

45.92 ± 15.44

<  0.001

0.20

30.21 ± 12.50

2.56 ± 4.35

27.14

1.49

33.28

3.63

p-valuea

0.29

< 0.001

  
  1. a Significant, Independent -samples t-test
  2. b Significant, Paired-samples t-test