Skip to main content

Table 4 Relationship of clinical and sociodemographic factors with the risk of perceiving high or moderate versus low tuberculosis stigmaa

From: Tuberculosis-related stigma among adults presenting for HIV testing in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

 

Unadjusted Models

Adjusted Modelb

2nd Tertile

3rd Tertile

2nd Tertile

3rd Tertile

RRR (95% CI)

P Value

RRR (95% CI)

P Value

aRRR (95% CI)

P Value

aRRR (95% CI)

P Value

Demographics

 Age, years

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.24

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

0.43

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.52

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.42

 Male

1.25 (0.90–1.74)

0.19

1.62 (1.17–2.25)

< 0.01

1.39 (0.96–2.02)

0.08

1.59 (1.11–2.28)

0.01

 High school education or higher

0.97 (0.69–1.37)

0.87

1.01 (0.72–1.42)

0.94

–

 

–

 

 Unmarried

2.17 (0.89–5.28)

0.09

1.64 (0.74–3.62)

0.22

2.07 (0.77–5.55)

0.15

1.53 (0.66–3.56)

0.32

 Has children

0.75 (0.53–1.08)

0.13

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

0.42

–

 

–

 

 Ever used tobacco

1.06 (0.71–1.57)

0.78

1.06 (0.72–1.56)

0.78

–

 

–

 

 Ever used alcohol

1.14 (0.82–1.60)

0.44

1.23 (0.88–1.70)

0.22

– 

 

– 

 

 Partner’s HIV status

  Negative

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

  Positive

0.63 (0.38–1.04)

0.07

0.66 (0.42–1.04)

0.07

0.64 (0.38–1.08)

0.09

0.69 (0.43–1.12)

0.13

  Unknown

1.10 (0.75–1.61)

0.62

0.79 (0.49–1.02)

0.07

1.20 (0.80–1.80)

0.39

0.82 (0.55–1.21)

0.31

 Employed

1.05 (0.75–1.47)

0.79

1.40 (1.01–1.95)

0.04

0.89 (0.42–1.90)

0.76

0.81 (0.39–1.68)

0.58

 Monthly income ≥2000 ZAR

1.13 (0.80–1.59)

0.48

1.54 (1.11–2.15)

0.01

1.16 (0.54–2.51)

0.70

1.61 (0.77–3.78)

0.21

 Distance to nearest clinic ≥5 km

0.61 (0.42–0.89)

< 0.01

1.02 (0.73–1.44)

0.89

0.68 (0.46–1.02)

0.07

1.11 (0.77–1.61)

0.57

 Internet use

1.45 (0.98–2.16)

0.07

1.32 (0.90–1.93)

0.16

1.38 (0.53–3.60)

0.51

0.53 (0.18–1.51)

0.23

 Social media use

1.38 (0.94–2.03)

0.10

1.42 (0.98–2.06)

0.07

1.11 (0.44–2.80)

0.82

2.58 (0.92–7.21)

0.07

Clinical

 Depression, PHQ-9 ≥ 5

1.45 (0.79–2.67)

0.23

1.44 (0.79–2.62)

0.24

–

 

–

 

 Anxiety, GAD-7 ≥ 5

0.91 (0.48–1.72)

0.77

0.68 (0.35–1.33)

0.26

–

 

–

 

 Prior positive HIV testc

1.24 (0.86–1.80)

0.25

0.81 (0.55–1.18)

0.27

–

 

–

 

 Prior positive TB test

0.85 (0.42–1.71)

0.65

1.31 (0.71–2.45)

0.39

–

 

–

 

 HIV positive at enrollment

1.19 (0.86–1.67)

0.30

0.80 (0.58–1.10)

0.17

–

 

–

 

TB Knowledge

 Awareness of cause

1.39 (0.98–1.96)

0.07

1.11 (0.79–1.56)

0.54

1.33 (0.93–1.91)

0.12

1.08 (0.76–1.54)

0.68

 Awareness of transmission

1.35 (0.85–2.15)

0.20

1.62 (1.01–2.60)

0.04

1.38 (0.84–2.25)

0.20

1.90 (1.16–3.10)

0.01

  1. aStigma is categorized into tertiles: low (0–16, N = 313), moderate (17–21, N = 256), high (22–36, N = 279)
  2. bAdjusted for age, sex, marital status, partner’s HIV status, employment, income, distance to nearest clinic, internet use, social media use, knowledge of TB cause and transmission. Total N = 793
  3. cImputed results are presented
  4. Abbreviations: aRRR adjusted relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval, GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; km – kilometers, RRR relative risk ratio, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9, ZAR South African rand
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us