Table 4 Determinants of overweight/obesity among urban women in Ethiopia, 2000–2016
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2000–2016 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | aAOR (95% CI) | ||
Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
 Women’s education | ||||||
  No schooling | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.126 |
  Primary school | 1.65 (1.02, 2.65) | 1.64 (0.89, 3.03) | 1.24 (0.84, 1.83) | 1.19 (0.86, 1.64) | 1.33 (1.06,1.68) | 0.157 |
  Secondary and higher | 2.69 (1.27, 5.71) | 1.58 (0.72, 3.48) | 1.66 (1.04, 2.67) | 1.14 (0.71, 1.84) | 1.61 (1.18, 2.21) | 0.013 |
 Women’s employment | ||||||
  No employment | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.162 |
  Formal employment | 1.26 (0.81, 1.96) | 1.31 (0.81, 2.13) | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | 1.42 (1.06, 1.90) | 1.23 (1.02, 1.47) | 0.044 |
  Informal employment | 0.74 (0.39, 1.43) | 0.45 (0.17, 1.19) | 0.79 (0.50, 1.25) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.90) | 0.69 (0.53, 0.90) | 0.612 |
 Women’s status | ||||||
  Not married | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.182 |
  Currently married | 1.51 (0.71, 3.23) | 2.11 (0.95, 4.69) | 2.03 (1.26, 3.26) | 2.07 (1.35, 3.18) | 1.87 (1.43, 2.46) | 0.057 |
  Formerly married | 1.34 (0.54, 3.32) | 2.00 (1.03, 3.83) | 1.15 (0.51, 2.58) | 1.54 (1.05, 2.26) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.86) | 0.064 |
 Household wealth status | ||||||
  Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.534 |
  Middle | 1.43 (0.98, 2.10) | 2.97 (1.69, 5.24) | 3.12 (1.21, 8.03) | 0.94 (0.16, 5.63) | 1.46 (1.06, 1.90) | 0.008 |
  Rich | 0.67 (0.31, 1.48) | 3.52 (1.83, 6.77) | 3.80 (1.97, 7.33) | 4.43 (1.82, 10.79) | 1.64 (1.21, 2.22) | 0.001 |
Demographic factors | ||||||
 Women’s age | ||||||
  15–24 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.357 |
  25–34 years | 1.65 (0.90, 3.00) | 2.43 (1.47, 3.99) | 2.05 (1.34, 3.16) | 2.00 (1.33, 3.02) | 2.05 (1.63, 2.59) | 0.044 |
  35–49 years | 3.50 (1.60, 7.69) | 2.53 (1.17, 5.43) | 4.64 (2.82, 7.63) | 4.35 (2.90, 6.53) | 4.47 (3.39, 5.88) | 0.115 |
 Parity | ||||||
  None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.432 |
  1–4 children | 0.97 (0.53, 1.77) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.67) | 1.12 (0.70, 1.78) | 1.21 (0.76, 1.94) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) | 0.004 |
  5+ children | 0.72 (0.35, 1.47) | 1.25 (0.42, 3.77) | 0.94 (0.48, 1.87) | 0.82 (0.42, 1.61) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.17) | 0.054 |
Behavioural factors | ||||||
 Listening radio | ||||||
  No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.072 |
  Yes | 0.88 (0.48, 1.62) | 0.63 (0.30, 1.35) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.04) | 0.69 (0.54, 0.88) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.009 |
 Read magazine | ||||||
  No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.541 |
  Yes | 0.67 (0.42, 1.08) | 1.12 (0.64, 1.95) | 1.04 (0.78, 1.39) | 1.56 (1.14, 2.14) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | < 0.001 |
 Watch television | ||||||
  No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.959 |
  Yes | 1.66 (0.96, 2.87) | 1.43 (0.68, 3.03) | 2.45 (1.30, 4.60) | 2.50 (1.41, 4.45) | 2.37 (1.75, 3.21) | 0.002 |
Community-level factors | ||||||
 Region of residence | ||||||
  Tigray | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
  Afar | 4.54 (2.25, 9.15) | 3.66 (0.89, 15.01) | 1.08 (0.48, 2.45) | 1.34 (0.65, 2.78) | 1.71 (1.13, 2.60) | 0.760 |
  Amhara | 1.67 (1.15, 6.18) | 3.04 (0.83, 11.19) | 0.98 (0.42, 2.28) | 0.62 (0.35, 1.11) | 1.02 (0.68, 1.52) | 0.176 |
  Oromia | 4.59 (2.04, 10.33) | 3.53 (0.99, 12.45) | 1.58 (0.76, 3.27) | 1.62 (0.85, 3.10) | 1.95 (1.31, 2.91) | 0.327 |
  Somali | 6.66 (1.48, 29.4) | 6.20 (2.41, 16.00) | 5.81 (2.70, 12.52) | 3.13 (1.86, 5.26) | 4.93 (3.24, 7.49) | 0.875 |
  Benishangul | 1.34 (0.20, 8.91) | 4.78 (0.98, 23.24) | 1.08 (0.46, 2.52) | 1.85 (0.98, 3.50) | 1.59 (1.01, 2.48) | 0.083 |
  SNNPR | 3.87 (0.94, 15.97) | 2.44 (0.78, 7.58) | 2.39 (1.17, 4.87) | 1.29 (0.73, 2.29) | 1.89 (1.23, 2.90) | 0.802 |
  Gambella | 1.64 (0.64, 4.18) | 0.88 (0.26, 2.93) | 1.43 (0.56, 3.63) | 0.99 (0.56, 1.78) | 1.21 (0.76, 1.87) | 0.063 |
  Metropolis | 4.20 (2.03, 8.68) | 2.45 (0.99, 6.04) | 2.15 (1.16, 3.99) | 2.14 (1.40, 3.26) | 2.35 (1.73, 3.21) | < 0.001 |