Overall parasitic infection [N (total) =962/ N (cases)=492] | Univariate logistic regressiona | Multivariate logistic regressionb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P-value | aOR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
Age of the child | < 5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
> 5 years | 0.86 | 0.66-1.13 | 0.29 | 0.86 | 0.65-1.15 | 0.31 | |
Sex of the child | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Female | 0.90 | 0.69-1.17 | 0.43 | 0.88 | 0.66-1.16 | 0.37 | |
Number of children in the household | < 5 | 1.00 | |||||
> 5 | 2.01 | 0.49-8.11 | 0.34 | ||||
Caregivers can read/write | Can neither read or write | 1.09 | 0.74-1.61 | 1.18 | 0.78-1.80 | ||
Can read only | 3.15 | 0.83-12.0 | 0.18 | 4.19 | 1.03-17.0 | 0.08 | |
Can both read and write | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Involvement in the water supply system in the community | "no" vs. "yes" | 1.89 | 1.05-3.42 | 0.03 | 1.60 | 0.84-3.05 | 0.15 |
Socioeconomic status | Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Middle | 0.88 | 0.60-1.30 | 0.27 | 0.87 | 0.58-1.31 | 0.45 | |
Better | 1.16 | 0.75-1.78 | 1.09 | 0.68-1.75 | |||
Main drinking water source | Piped water in the house | 1.00 | |||||
Piped water in the village | 1.39 | 0.87-2.21 | |||||
Open source | 1.33 | 0.47-3.73 | 0.29 | ||||
Protected source | 1.18 | 0.40-3.49 | |||||
River, stream or canal | 6.79 | 0.72-64.33 | |||||
Time to fetch drinking water | < 5 minutes | 1.00 | |||||
5-15 minutes | 1.53 | 0.66-3.55 | 0.40 | ||||
16-60 minutes | 1.23 | 0.53-2.78 | |||||
> 60 minutes | 1.07 | 0.38-3.01 | |||||
Main drinking water source functioning now | Functioning well | 1.00 | |||||
Functioning irregularly | 1.24 | 0.61-1.96 | 0.76 | ||||
Interruption of main drinking water source for more than a week | "no" vs. "yes" | 1.76 | 0.91-3.41 | 0.09 | 1.30 | 0.64-2.64 | 0.47 |
Knowledge on factors that make water unsafe for drinking | Open unprotected source | 1.09 | 0.77-1.54 | 0.62 | |||
Open defecation | 1.09 | 0.83-1.45 | 0.53 | ||||
Deforestation | 1.97 | 0.97-3.99 | 0.06 | 1.84 | 0.87-3.89 | 0.11 | |
Method of drinking water treatment used | Boiling | 0.96 | 0.50-1.86 | 0.91 | |||
Filtration with cloth | 0.77 | 0.33-1.85 | 0.57 | ||||
Use of filter ("yes" vs. "no") | 1.55 | 1.00-2.41 | 0.05 | 1.27 | 0.78-2.09 | 0.34 | |
Clean drinking water storage container | "no" vs. "yes" | 1.88 | 1.04-3.41 | 0.04 | 1.65 | 0.87-3.17 | 0.13 |
Handwashing with soap | <5 times | 1.00 | |||||
5-10 times | 1.08 | 0.79-1.47 | 0.32 | ||||
>10 times | 0.25 | 0.03-2.23 | |||||
Times of handwashing | When they look dirty | 0.10 | 0.76-1.31 | 0.99 | |||
After going to toilet | 0.58 | 0.23-1.49 | 0.26 | ||||
After cleaning baby’s bottom | 1.00 | 0.77-1.31 | 0.98 | ||||
Before eating | 1.07 | 0.79-1.46 | 0.65 | ||||
Before cooking | 1.14 | 0.87-1.48 | 0.35 | ||||
Animals inside home overnight | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.13 | 0.84-1.51 | 0.41 | |||
Information received on WASHc | "no" vs. "yes" | 1.90 | 1.21-3.00 | 0.01 | 1.10 | 0.44-2.72 | 0.84 |
Handwashing station installed | "no" vs. "yes" | 2.66 | 1.05-6.73 | 0.04 | 1.66 | 0.54-5.17 | 0.38 |
Use soap always to wash hands | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.69 | 0.96-2.99 | 0.07 | 1.22 | 0.48-3.10 | 0.67 |
Wash hands during critical times | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.98 | 0.97-3.67 | 0.06 | 0.73 | 0.27-1.95 | 0.53 |
Sometimes treating water | "no" vs. "yes" | 3.68 | 1.39-9.71 | 0.01 | 2.29 | 0.72-7.23 | 0.16 |
Attended hygiene literacy class | "no" vs. "yes" | 1.47 | 1.08-1.99 | 0.01 | 1.36 | 0.96-1.92 | 0.08 |
Caregivers heard about intestinal parasites | "no" vs. "yes" | 1.36 | 0.98-1.88 | 0.06 | 0.98 | 0.67-1.43 | 0.92 |
Type of toilet in the household | Water pit latrine | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Pit latrine | 2.25 | 1.12-4.49 | 0.07 | 7.47 | 1.91-29.3 | 0.006 | |
No latrine | 1.67 | 0.96-2.91 | 4.79 | 1.32-17.4 | |||
Cleanliness of the toilet | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.89 | 0.69-1.16 | 0.40 | |||
Materials available in toilet | Sandals/slippers | 0.86 | 0.45-1.65 | 0.66 | |||
Drum with water | 1.36 | 0.96-1.91 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.12-1.21 | 0.10 | |
Brush | 1.14 | 0.84-1.54 | 0.41 | ||||
None of these | 0.72 | 0.47-1.09 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.07-0.86 | 0.03 | |
Soap available at handwashing facility | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.87 | 0.55-1.37 | 0.55 | |||
Trash outside the house | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.72 | 0.54-0.97 | 0.03 | 0.80 | 0.55-1.16 | 0.24 |
Trash spread inside the house | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.09 | 0.82-1.45 | 0.57 | |||
Entirety of food covered | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.06 | 0.78-1.43 | 0.72 | |||
Flies in the kitchen | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.05 | 0.76-1.44 | 0.78 | |||
Caregiver's hands clean | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.75 | 0.54-1.04 | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.42-0.89 | 0.01 |
Caregiver is wearing shoes | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.21 | 0.90-1.62 | 0.21 | |||
Child's hand clean | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.88 | 0.67-1.15 | 0.33 | |||
Piles of dirty clothes in the house | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.71 | 0.53-0.95 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 0.54-1.13 | 0.19 |
E. coli at point of use drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.34 | 0.71-2.47 | 0.37 | |||
E. coli at point of collection drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.05 | 0.55-2.00 | 0.88 | |||
Total coliforms at POCd drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.33 | 0.22-8.24 | 0.76 | |||
Total coliforms at POUe drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.63 | 0.53-4.99 | 0.39 | |||
Presence of undernutrition | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.02 | 0.77-1.34 | 0.92 | |||
Presence of nutritional deficiencies | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.14 | 0.85-1.51 | 0.38 | |||
Presence of diarrhoea | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.16 | 0.81-1.65 | 0.41 |