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Table 3 Association of undernutritiona with various factors in univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis

From: Association of nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene practices with children’s nutritional status, intestinal parasitic infections and diarrhoea in rural Nepal: a cross-sectional study

Undernutrition [N (cases)=760]

Univariate logistic regressionb

Multivariate logistic regressionc

OR

95% CI

P-value

aOR

95% CI

P-value

Age of the participating child

< 5 years

1.00

  

1.00

  

> 5 years

0.98

0.78-1.23

0.83

1.01

0.72-1.42

0.95

Sex of the participating child

Male

1.00

  

1.00

  

Female

1.01

0.81-1.27

0.89

0.95

0.68-1.33

0.77

Number of children in the household

< 5

1.00

     

> 5

1.05

0.32-3.42

0.93

   

Socioeconomic status

Poor

1.00

  

1.00

  

Intermediate

0.73

0.54-0.99

0.006

0.70

0.43-1.11

0.01

High

0.57

0.41-0.80

 

0.43

0.25-0.75

 

Caregivers’ literacy

Can neither read or write

0.75

0.30-1.88

    

Can read only

1.10

0.80-1.52

0.60

   

Can both read and write

1.00

     

Occupation of the household head

Agriculture

1.22

0.96-1.53

0.10

1.05

0.71-1.53

0.82

Business

0.90

0.62-1.29

0.55

   

Daily labourer

1.11

0.88-1.40

0.37

   

Government service

0.50

0.28-0.92

0.03

0.54

0.21-1.38

0.20

Other independent work

0.46

0.46-13.08

0.29

   

None

0.38

0.11-1.32

0.13

0.49

0.12-2.04

0.33

Household involved in management of the water system

"yes" vs. "no"

0.84

0.51-1.40

0.51

   

Handwashing with soap

<5 times

1.00

     

5-10 times

0.93

0.72-1.20

0.85

   

>10 times

1.04

0.21-5.29

    

Animals inside home overnight

"no" vs. "yes"

0.94

0.74-1.20

0.64

   

Information received on WASH

"yes" vs. "no"

0.91

0.71-1.18

0.49

   

Heard about intestinal parasites

"yes" vs. "no"

0.77

0.59-1.01

0.06

1.39

0.76-2.55

0.29

Awareness on measures against intestinal parasites

Wash hands with soap

0.92

0.64-1.31

0.65

   

Drink clean water

0.84

0.63-1.13

0.26

   

Regular deworming

0.65

0.46-0.92

0.02

0.44

0.20-0.94

0.03

Complementary feeding of the participating child started <6months

"yes" vs. "no"

0.64

0.33-1.23

0.18

1.95

0.60-6.36

0.27

Received additional meal (snacks)

"yes" vs. "no"

0.65

0.51-0.83

<0.001

0.57

0.38-0.84

0.01

DDSd

1

1.00

  

1.00

  

2

1.09

0.67-1.77

 

1.01

0.47-2.15

 

3

1.41

0.89-2.25

 

0.85

0.41-1.74

 

4

1.13

0.71-1.83

 

0.90

0.44-1.84

 

5

1.35

0.84-2.18

0.16

0.84

0.40-1.75

0.03

6

1.02

0.64-1.64

 

0.50

0.24-1.04

 

7

1.85

1.13-3.03

 

1.69

0.77-3.73

 

8

1.26

0.78-2.05

 

0.84

0.40-1.77

 

9

1.61

0.99-2.61

 

1.76

0.80-3.90

 

Production of own food

"yes" vs. "no"

0.86

0.68-1.07

0.18

0.67

0.46-0.97

0.03

Giardia lamblia

"yes" vs. "no"

0.91

0.64-1.28

0.57

   

Presence of intestinal helminths

"yes" vs. "no"

1.27

0.94-1.70

0.12

1.36

0.93-1.98

0.11

Ascaris lumbricoides

"yes" vs. "no"

1.15

0.82-1.62

0.41

   

Trichuris trichiura

"yes" vs. "no"

1.68

0.31-9.19

0.55

   

Hymenolepsis nana

"yes" vs. "no"

1.48

0.75-2.93

0.26

   

Enterobius vermicularis

"yes" vs. "no"

2.19

0.85-5.62

0.10

2.01

0.70-5.79

0.19

Latrine hygiene

Lower category

1.00

     

Intermediate category

1.11

0.85-1.45

0.64

   

High category

1.12

0.85-1.47

    

Kitchen hygiene

Lower category

1.27

0.98-1.65

 

1.26

0.82-1.94

 

Intermediate category

1.15

0.84-1.58

0.21

0.86

0.48-1.53

0.23

High category

1.00

  

1.00

  

Personal hygiene of participating child and their caregivers

Lower category

1.32

1.01-1.73

 

1.43

0.92-2.22

 

Intermediate category

1.04

0.79-1.37

0.10

0.83

0.51-1.35

0.05

High category

1.00

  

1.00

  

E. coli at POUe drinking water

"yes" vs. "no"

1.48

0.84-2.59

0.17

0.87

0.34-2.24

0.77

E. coli at POCf drinking water

"yes" vs. "no"

1.63

0.96-2.76

0.07

1.27

0.59-2.71

0.25

Total coliforms at POC drinking water

"yes" vs. "no"

5.31

1.01-27.9

0.05

3.81

0.32-45.49

0.29

Total coliforms at POU drinking water

"yes" vs. "no"

2.32

0.72-7.48

0.16

1.47

0.18-12.04

0.72

Presence of diarrhoea

"yes" vs. "no"

1.08

0.81-1.46

0.59

   

Presence of nutritional deficiencies

"yes" vs. "no"

1.06

0.84-1.35

0.63

   
  1. aUndernutrition included the presence or absence of stunting, BMI Z(thinness) or unerweight
  2. bOdds ratios were obtained from univariate mixed logistic regression models with random area intercepts, and P-values were obtained from Wald- and likelihood ratio tests. P-values <0.2 in the univariate analyses are marked in bold
  3. cAdjusted odds ratios were obtained from a multivariate mixed logistic regression model with random area intercepts including all variables with P-values < 0.2 in the univariate models along with gender and age group of the child and socio-economic category of the household. P-values were obtained from Wald- and likelihood ratio tests and values < 0.05 are marked in bold
  4. dDietary diversity score
  5. ePoint of use
  6. fPoint of collection
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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