Nutritional deficiencies [N(cases)=912] | Univariate logistic regressionb | Multivariate logistic regressionc | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P-value | aOR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
Age of the participating child | < 5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
> 5 years | 1.59 | 1.25-2.02 | 0.01 | 1.84 | 1.30-2.62 | 0.01 | |
Sex of the participating child | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Female | 0.98 | 0.78-1.23 | 0.84 | 1.04 | 0.76-1.42 | 0.80 | |
Number of children in the household | < 5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
> 5 | 2.81 | 0.60-13.27 | 3.05 | 0.32-29.12 | 0.33 | ||
Socioeconomic statusd | Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Intermediate | 1.14 | 0.83-1.58 | 0.08 | 1.10 | 0.71-1.72 | 0.43 | |
High | 1.20 | 0.85-1.71 | 1.38 | 0.82-2.33 | |||
Occupation of the household head | Agriculture | 0.96 | 0.76-1.21 | 0.73 | |||
Business | 0.75 | 0.52-1.09 | 0.13 | 0.84 | 0.49-1.45 | 0.54 | |
Daily labourer | 0.65 | 0.51-0.83 | 0.01 | 0.75 | 0.52-1.06 | 0.10 | |
Government service | 1.04 | 0.59-1.83 | 0.88 | ||||
Other independent work | 0.25 | 0.04-1.36 | 0.11 | 0.51 | 0.07-3.67 | 0.50 | |
None | 4.93 | 0.62-39.22 | 0.13 | 2.70 | 0.22-32.85 | 0.44 | |
Handwashing with soap | <5 times | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
5-10 times | 0.66 | 0.51-0.85 | 0.007 | 1.08 | 0.65-1.80 | 0.53 | |
>10 times | 0.65 | 0.12-3.44 | 3.39 | 0.36-31.77 | |||
Times of handwashing | When they look dirty | 0.56 | 0.44-0.71 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.50-1.08 | 0.12 |
After going to toilet | 0.39 | 0.14-1.09 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.01-1.10 | 0.06 | |
After cleaning baby’s bottom | 0.40 | 0.32-0.52 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 0.40-0.92 | 0.02 | |
Before eating | 1.02 | 0.78-1.33 | 0.15 | 0.75 | 0.49-1.15 | 0.19 | |
Before cooking | 1.44 | 1.14-1.82 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 0.67-1.68 | 0.78 | |
Animals inside home overnight | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.67 | 1.32-2.13 | 0.01 | 1.71 | 1.17-2.51 | 0.01 |
Information received on WASHe | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.65 | 0.45-0.95 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.56-1.89 | 0.93 |
Child suffered from any illnesses: | |||||||
Fever | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.98 | 0.78-1.24 | 0.89 | |||
Cough | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.09 | 0.86-1.37 | 0.47 | |||
Respiratory difficulties | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.97 | 1.40-2.78 | 0.01 | 1.32 | 0.79-2.18 | 0.29 |
Diarrheaf | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.05 | 0.77-1.44 | 0.75 | |||
Blood in stool | "yes" vs. "no" | 2.87 | 1.25-6.60 | 0.01 | 1.72 | 0.50-5.90 | 0.39 |
Mucus in stool | "yes" vs. "no" | 3.10 | 1.42-6.75 | 0.01 | 2.07 | 0.67-6.38 | 0.20 |
Blood in urine | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.99 | 0.39-9.98 | 0.40 | |||
Heard about intestinal parasitesg | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.53 | 0.40-0.70 | 0.01 | 1.12 | 0.46-2.69 | 0.80 |
Awareness on measures against intestinal parasites | Washing hands with soap | 0.39 | 0.27-0.57 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 0.26-1.24 | 0.15 |
Cutting finger nails | 0.22 | 0.13-0.37 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.32-2.15 | 0.71 | |
Wash fruits/vegetables before consumption | 0.13 | 0.05-0.33 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.17-2.45 | 0.52 | |
Wear shoe | 0.13 | 0.07-0.23 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.09-0.62 | 0.01 | |
Drink clean water | 0.61 | 0.45-0.82 | 0.01 | 1.63 | 0.67-3.95 | 0.28 | |
Deworming regularly | 0.85 | 0.60-1.21 | 0.38 | ||||
Child ever breastfed | “yes” vs. “no” | 0.80 | 0.12-5.17 | 0.82 | |||
Total months child breastfed | <6 months | 2.82 | 1.07-7.42 | 3.99 | 0.86-18.50 | ||
6-12 months | 1.64 | 0.62-4.33 | <0.001 | 1.90 | 0.41-8.84 | <0.001 | |
>12 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Complementary feeding of the participating child started <6months | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.57 | 0.30-1.09 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.17-1.62 | 0.26 |
Material of the home’s floor | "earth" vs. "cement" | 1.01 | 0.74-1.37 | 0.95 | |||
Dietary diversity scores | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.07 | 0.66-1.74 | 0.75 | 0.36-1.54 | |||
3 | 1.15 | 0.72-1.85 | 0.70 | 0.34-1.46 | |||
4 | 2.06 | 1.23-3.44 | 1.12 | 0.52-2.44 | |||
5 | 1.86 | 1.09-3.12 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 0.77-3.61 | 0.08 | |
6 | 1.28 | 0.78-2.10 | 0.89 | 0.43-1.84 | |||
7 | 1.30 | 0.79-2.16 | 0.93 | 0.44-1.96 | |||
8 | 0.83 | 0.51-1.37 | 0.84 | 0.41-1.74 | |||
9 | 0.27 | 0.17-0.45 | 0.51 | 0.25-1.05 | |||
Production of own food | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.52 | 0.41-0.67 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.35-0.76 | 0.01 |
Latrine hygiene | Lower category | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Intermediate category | 1.38 | 1.02-1.86 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 0.93-2.20 | <0.001 | |
High category | 0.68 | 0.52-0.90 | 0.61 | 0.41-0.91 | |||
Kitchen hygiene | Lower category | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Intermediate category | 1.33 | 1.01-1.74 | <0.001 | 0.89 | 0.58-1.34 | 0.008 | |
High category | 0.47 | 0.34-0.65 | 0.40 | 0.22-0.75 | |||
Personal hygiene of participating child and their caregivers | Lower category | 2.24 | 1.68-3.00 | 1.90 | 1.17-3.10 | ||
Intermediate category | 1.93 | 1.46-2.55 | <0.001 | 1.84 | 1.22-2.76 | 0.005 | |
High category | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Hygiene status of water transport container | Lower category | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Intermediate category | 0.97 | 0.68-1.38 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.23-1.58 | 0.58 | |
High category | 0.55 | 0.42-0.72 | 0.91 | 0.31-2.66 | |||
Hygiene status of water storage container | Lower category | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Intermediate category | 1.10 | 0.77-1.59 | <0.001 | 1.84 | 0.69-4.87 | 0.33 | |
High category | 0.54 | 0.42-0.72 | 0.77 | 0.26-2.25 | |||
Presence of intestinal parasites | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.88 | 0.66-1.17 | 0.37 | |||
Presence of undernutrition | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.07 | 0.84-1.35 | 0.59 | |||
E. coli in POCh drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 0.93 | 0.55-1.57 | 0.79 | |||
Coliforms in POC drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 6.53 | 1.24-34.29 | 0.03 | 10.44 | 1.61-67.4 | 0.01 |
E. coli in POUi drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 1.08 | 0.63-1.85 | 0.78 | |||
Coliforms in POU drinking water | "yes" vs. "no" | 2.33 | 0.79-6.88 | 0.13 | 1.78 | 0.33-9.46 | 0.50 |