Table 4 Cox proportional hazards models examining the associations with mental health, alcohol misuse, smoking for the top 5 NCDs
| Â | n with disorder (row %) | Unadjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | Adjusted HR (95% CI)b | Adjusted HR (95% CI)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gastrointestinal disorders (n = 8359, failures = 303) | |||||
 PTSD | |||||
  Non-case | 279 (3.46%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 21 (7.58%) | 2.29 (1.38–3.81) | 2.15 (1.27–3.63) | 2.11 (1.24–3.61) | 2.28 (1.34–3.89) |
 CMD | |||||
  Non-case | 230 (3.35%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 72 (4.85%) | 1.47 (1.07–2.02) | 1.48 (1.08–2.2) | 1.49 (1.08–2.03) | 1.55 (1.12–2.15) |
 Alcohol misuse | |||||
  Low risk drinking (0–7)d | 138 (3.92%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Hazardous drinking (8–15) | 130 (3.51%) | 0.92 (0.69–1.22) | 1.04 (0.76–1.41) | 1.03 (0.76–1.41) |  |
  Harmful drinking/possible dependence (16+) | 30 (3.27%) | 0.89 (0.56–1.41) | 1.10 (0.68–1.77) | 1.07 (0.65–1.77) |  |
 Binge drinking at phase 2 | |||||
  Monthly or less | 201 (4.17%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Weekly or more | 97 (2.85%) | 0.70 (0.52–0.93) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) |  |
 Smoking status at phase 2 | |||||
  Non-smoker | 134 (2.96%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Ex-smoker | 85 (3.97%) | 1.32 (0.96–1.82) | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) |  |
  Smoker | 77 (4.45%) | 1.56 (1.12–2.16) | 1.65 (1.19–2.28) | 1.64 (1.18–2.28) |  |
Joint disorders (n = 8361, failures = 291) | |||||
 PTSD | |||||
  Non-case | 272 (3.34%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 15 (4.04%) | 1.23 (0.67–2.26) | 1.23 (0.66–2.27) | 1.18 (0.64–2.17) | 1.07 (0.57–1.99) |
 CMD | |||||
  Non-case | 224 (3.31%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 62 (3.59%) | 1.08 (0.77–1.52) | 1.06 (0.76–1.49) | 1.05 (0.74–1.47) | 1.00 (0.70–1.43) |
 Alcohol misuse | |||||
  Low risk drinking (0–7) d | 117 (3.18%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Hazardous drinking (8–15) | 129 (3.26%) | 1.04 (0.77–1.39) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 0.97 (0.71–1.32) |  |
  Harmful drinking/possible dependence (16+) | 42 (4.55%) | 1.47 (0.98–2.22) | 1.33 (0.86–2.05) | 1.32 (0.85–2.06) |  |
 Binge drinking at phase 2 | |||||
  Monthly or less | 169 (3.09%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Weekly or more | 118 (3.86%) | 1.27 (0.96–1.67) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) |  |
 Smoking status at phase 2 | |||||
  Non-smoker | 124 (2.80%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Ex-smoker | 78 (3.52%) | 1.25 (0.89–1.74) | 1.25 (0.89–1.75) | 1.24 (0.88–1.74) |  |
  Smoker | 85 (4.43%) | 1.63 (1.17–2.25) | 1.54 (1.10–2.16) | 1.53 (1.09–2.15) |  |
Arthritis/osteoarthritis (n = 8484, failures = 131) | |||||
 PTSD | |||||
  Non-case | 120 (1.49%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 8 (2.22%) | 1.55 (0.68–3.52) | 1.76 (0.77–4.02) | 1.78 (0.79–4.01) | 1.73 (0.71–4.20) |
 CMD | |||||
  Non-case | 98 (1.52%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 31 (1.65%) | 1.10 (0.68–1.78) | 1.19 (0.74–1.91) | 1.20 (0.75–1.94) | 1.10 (0.66–1.85) |
 Alcohol misuse | |||||
  Low risk drinking (0–7) d | 62 (1.80%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Hazardous drinking (8–15) | 55 (1.34%) | 0.78 (0.51–1.19) | 0.91 (0.58–1.42) | 0.92 (0.59–1.44) |  |
  Harmful drinking/possible dependence (16+) | 10 (1.16%) | 0.70 (0.33–1.49) | 0.95 (0.44–2.09) | 0.99 (0.44–2.20) |  |
 Binge drinking at phase 2 | |||||
  Monthly or less | 83 (1.62%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Weekly or more | 44 (1.35%) | 0.86 (0.56–1.33) | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 0.99 (0.64–1.55) |  |
 Smoking status at phase 2 | |||||
  Non-smoker | 57 (1.36%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Ex-smoker | 42 (1.78%) | 1.27 (0.80–2.03) | 1.09 (0.67–1.77) | 1.09 (0.67–1.76) |  |
  Smoker | 29 (1.64%) | 1.26 (0.75–2.11) | 1.33 (0.78–2.27) | 1.34 (0.78–2.29) |  |
Hypertension (n = 8490, failures = 105) | |||||
 PTSD | |||||
  Non-case | 92 (1.29%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 11 (2.82%) | 2.22 (1.06–4.68) | 2.56 (1.24–5.30) | 2.23 (1.07–4.67) | 2.08 (0.94–4.62) |
 CMD | |||||
  Non-case | 77 (1.29%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 27 (1.75%) | 1.37 (0.82–2.28) | 1.50 (0.90–2.49) | 1.39 (0.83–2.33) | 1.35 (0.81–2.24) |
 Alcohol misuse | |||||
  Low risk drinking (0–7) d | 52 (1.60%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Hazardous drinking (8–15) | 41 (1.22%) | 0.78 (0.49–1.24) | 1.04 (0.64–1.69) | 1.00 (0.61–1.62) |  |
  Harmful drinking/possible dependence (16+) | 11 (1.31%) | 0.86 (0.42–1.77) | 1.54 (0.74–3.18) | 1.39 (0.67–2.91) |  |
 Binge drinking at phase 2 | 68 (1.50%) |  |  |  |  |
  Monthly or less | 36 (1.23%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Weekly or more |  | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | 1.01 (0.63–1.62) | 0.99 (0.62–1.58) |  |
 Smoking status at phase 2 | |||||
  Non-smoker | 54 (1.42%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Ex-smoker | 28 (1.50%) | 1.04 (0.62–1.72) | 0.81 (0.49–1.33) | 0.77 (0.46–1.29) |  |
  Smoker | 22 (1.23%) | 0.88 (0.50–1.55) | 0.99 (0.56–1.75) | 0.94 (0.53–1.67) |  |
Prostate and GU disorders (n = 8469, failures = 90) | |||||
 PTSD | |||||
  Non-case | 80 (1.08%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 9 (2.53%) | 2.42 (1.08–5.41) | 2.50 (1.14–5.46) | 2.17 (0.97–4.85) | 2.47 (1.17–5.20) |
 CMD | |||||
  Non-case | 64 (1.00%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  Case | 26 (1.75%) | 1.77 (1.04–3.00) | 1.82 (1.09–3.05) | 1.74 (1.05–2.89) | 1.80 (1.08–3.01) |
 Alcohol misuse | |||||
  Low risk drinking (0–7) d | (*) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Hazardous drinking (8–15) | (*) | 1.14 (0.69–1.88) | 1.22 (0.67–1.87) | 1.11 (0.67–1.86) |  |
  Harmful drinking/possible dependence (16+) | (*) | 0.61 (0.25–1.49) | 0.64 (0.25—1.66) | 0.61 (0.24–1.59) |  |
 Binge drinking at phase 2 | |||||
  Monthly or less | 62 (1.35%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Weekly or more | 28 (0.84%) | 0.63 (0.38–1.06) | 0.63 (0.37–1.08) | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) |  |
 Smoking status at phase 2 | |||||
  Non-smoker | 39 (1.01%) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |  |
  Ex-smoker | 25 (1.14%) | 1.12 (0.61–2.02) | 1.00 (0.54–1.83) | 0.98 (0.54–1.80) |  |
  Smoker | 26 (1.47%) | 1.51 (0.86–2.66) | 1.35 (0.74–2.46) | 1.37 (0.78–2.42) |  |