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Table 3 Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors stratified by place of residence in the PURE-Saudi study

From: Demographic, behavioral, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Saudi population: results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi)

Characteristics

Urban

Rural

P1

N (%)

1545 (75.5)

502 (24.5)

 

Demographics

 Age (y), mean ± SD

46.3 ± 8.9

47.1 ± 9.8

0.124

 Low education level, n (%)

413 (26.7)

233 (46.4)

< 0.001

Behavioral risk factors

 Smoking status, n (%)

  Current smoker

198 (12.8)

51 (10.2)

0.114

  Former smoker

175 (11.3)

42 (8.4)

0.061

  Unhealthful diet, n (%)

556 (36)

146 (29.4)

0.007

  Low physical activity, n (%)

1061 (68.7)

354 (71.5)

0.240

  Current alcohol use, n (%)

18 (1.2)

6 (1.2)

0.956

Hypertension

 Hypertension, n (%)

442 (28.6)

178 (35.5)

0.004

 Awareness among patients with known hypertension, n (%)

275 (62.2)

104 (58.4)

0.381

 Treated hypertension among patients with known hypertension, n (%)

266 (60.2)

99 (55.6)

0.296

 Controlled hypertension among those with known hypertension, n (%)

144 (32.6)

46 (25.8)

0.100

 Treated hypertension and SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg, n (%)

122 (45.9)

53 (53.5)

0.192

 Treated hypertension and SBP > 120 mmHg and/or DBP > 80 mmHg, n (%)

227 (85.3)

91 (91.9)

0.095

 Treated hypertension and SBP > 130 mmHg and/or DBP > 80 mmHg, n (%)

191 (73.5)

81 (83.5)

0.047

Diabetes

 Diabetes, n (%)

360 (23.3)

156 (31.1)

< 0.001

 Among patients with diabetes

  

< 0.001

  On insulin alone

11 (3.1)

3 (1.9)

 

  On OHA alone

249 (69.2)

64 (41.0)

 

  On both

31 (8.6)

3 (1.9)

 

  Not on prescription drug

69 (19.2)

86 (55.1)

 

Dyslipidemia

 Total cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/l and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 3.5 mmol/l, n (%)

439 (31.5)

130 (34.1)

0.330

Obesity

 BMI, mean

30.4 ± 5.8

31.4 ± 6.2

0.037

 BMI, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  < 25.0

245 (15.9)

65 (12.9)

 

  25.0–30.0

569 (36.8)

153 (30.5)

 

  30.1–35.0

454 (29.4)

159 (31.7)

 

  > 35.0

275 (17.8)

124 (24.7)

 

 Abdominal obesity, n (%)

  Waist circumference > 102 cm (men) or > 88 cm (women)

754 (48.8)

251 (50)

0.641

  Waist circumference > 90 cm (men) or > 85 cm (women)

1156 (74.8)

365 (72.7)

0.347

Psychosocial

 Self-report of being sad or “blue,” n (%)

272 (17.6)

43 (8.6)

< 0.001

 General feeling of stress, n (%)

  Several periods of stress

296 (19.6)

43 (8.7)

< 0.001

  Permanent stress

121 (8)

15 (3)

< 0.001

Medical history

 History of ischemic heart disease (angina or myocardial infarction), n (%)

36 (2.3)

15 (3)

0.411

 History of stroke, n (%)

12 (0.8)

8 (1.6)

0.118

 History of heart failure, n (%)

8 (0.5)

5 (1)

0.327

 INTERHEART Risk Score, median (25th–75th, IQR)

11 (8,16)

12 (7,17)

0.833

  1. BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, IQR interquartile range, OHA oral hypoglycemic agent, SBP systolic blood pressure
  2. 1P values refer to the results of either Chi-square tests (for categorical variables) or t-tests (for continuous variables comparing the mean between categories