Table 1 Characteristics and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the PURE-Saudi study
Characteristics | Overall | Men | Women | P1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2047 | 1165 (56.9) | 882 (43.1) | |
Demographics | ||||
Age (y), mean ± SD | 46.5 ± 9.1 | 47.5 ± 9.4 | 45.1 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
Low educational level, n (%) | 646 (31.6) | 235 (20.2) | 411 (46.6) | < 0.001 |
Behavioral risk factors | ||||
Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
Current smoker | 249 (12.2) | 245 (21) | 4 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
Former smoker | 217 (10.6) | 209 (17.9) | 8 (0.9) | < 0.001 |
Unhealthful diet, n (%) | 702 (34.4) | 397 (56.5) | 305 (43.4) | 0.827 |
Low physical activity, n (%) | 1415 (69.4) | 805 (69.3) | 610 (69.5) | 0.946 |
Current alcohol use, n (%) | 24 (1.2) | 24 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | ||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 620 (30.3) | 382 (32.8) | 238 (27) | 0.005 |
Awareness among patients with known hypertension, n (%) | 379 (61.1) | 233 (61) | 146 (61.3) | 0.931 |
Treated hypertension among patients with known hypertension, n (%) | 365 (58.9) | 220 (57.6) | 145 (60.9) | 0.412 |
Controlled hypertension among those with known hypertension, n (%) | 190 (30.6) | 108 (28.3) | 82 (34.4) | 0.104 |
Treated hypertension and SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg, n (%) | 175 (47.9) | 112 (50.9) | 63 (43.4) | 0.163 |
Treated hypertension and SBP > 120 mmHg and/or DBP > 80 mmHg, n (%) | 318 (87.1) | 198 (90) | 120 (82.8) | 0.043 |
Treated hypertension and SBP > 130 mmHg and/or DBP > 80 mmHg, n (%) | 272 (76.2) | 173 (79.4) | 99 (71.2) | 0.078 |
Diabetes | ||||
Diabetes, n (%) | 516 (25.2) | 328 (28.1) | 188 (21.3) | < 0.001 |
Among patients with diabetes | 0.093 | |||
On insulin alone | 14 (2.7) | 5 (1.5) | 9 (4.8) | |
On OHA alone | 313 (60.7) | 200 (61) | 113 (60.1) | |
On both | 34 (6.6) | 19 (5.8) | 15 (8) | |
Not on prescription drug | 155 (30) | 104 (31.7) | 51 (27.1) | |
Dyslipidemia | ||||
Total cholesterol > 5.2 mmol/l and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > 3.5 mmol/l, n (%) | 569 (32.1) | 234 (31.2) | 335 (32.7) | 0.508 |
Obesity | ||||
BMI, mean | 30.6 ± 5.9 | 29.7 ± 5.4 | 31.9 4 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
BMI, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
< 25 | 310 (15.1) | 205 (17.6) | 105 (11.9) | |
25–30 | 722 (35.3) | 462 (39.7) | 260 (29.5) | |
31–35 | 613 (30) | 463 (39.8) | 286 (32.4) | |
> 35 | 399 (19.5) | 169 (14.5) | 230 (26.1) | |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) | ||||
Waist circumference > 102 cm (men) or > 88 cm (women) | 1005 (49) | 381 (32.7) | 624 (70.7) | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference > 90 cm (men) or > 85 cm (women) | 1521 (74.3) | 835 (71.7) | 686 (77.8) | 0.002 |
Psychosocial | ||||
Self-report of feeling sad or “blue,” n (%) | 315 (15.4) | 115 (9.9) | 200 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
General feeling of stress, n (%) | ||||
Several periods of stress | 339 (16.9) | 143 (12.4) | 196 (23.1) | < 0.001 |
Permanent stress | 136 (6.8) | 52 (4.5) | 84 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
Medical history | ||||
History of ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, or any coronary revascularization), n (%) | 51 (2.5) | 37 (3.2) | 14 (1.6) | 0.022 |
History of stroke, n (%) | 20 (1) | 12 (1) | 8 (0.9) | 0.779 |
History of heart failure, n (%) | 13 (0.6) | 5 (0.4) | 8 (0.9) | 0.178 |
INTERHEART Risk Score, median (25th–75th, IQR) | 11 (8,16) | 13 (9,18) | 10 (6,14) | < 0.001 |