Table 2 Factors affecting anaemia prevalence and mean haemoglobin level in women of reproductive age, Sudan, 2016
Variables | Pregnant women | Non-pregnant women | Women in reproductive age (pregnant and non-pregnant women combined) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anaemia prevalence | Total number | Anaemia prevalence | Total number | Anaemia prevalence | Total number | ||
Average Haemoglobin level (g/L (SD)) | Average Haemoglobin level (g/L (SD)) | ||||||
Level of education | |||||||
No formal education | n | 60 | 157 | 400 | 1047 | 460 | 1204 |
% | 38.2 | 114.6 (18.3) | 38.2 | 122.4 (16.0) | 38.2 | – | |
Primary/religious education | n | 67 | 176 | 537 | 1587 | 604 | 1763 |
% | 38.1 | 112.8 (18.0) | 33.8 | 123.7 (15.1) | 34.3 | – | |
Secondary education | n | 15 | 53 | 259 | 764 | 274 | 817 |
% | 28.3 | 116.9 (12.0) | 33.9 | 123.8 (16.6) | 33.5 | – | |
Above secondary education | n | 10 | 35 | 171 | 452 | 181 | 487 |
% | 28.6 | 115.8 (14.7) | 37.8 | 122.6 (16.0) | 37.2 | – | |
p. value |  | 0.414 | 0.407 | 0.066 | 0.118 | 0.072 | – |
Wealth index | |||||||
Wealthiest | n | 21 | 76 | 384 | 1085 | 405 | 1161 |
% | 27.60% | 117.8 (17.3) | 35.40% | 122.9 (15.1) | 35.50% | – | |
High | n | 33 | 99 | 336 | 1008 | 369 | 1107 |
% | 33.30% | 115.7 (19.0) | 33.30% | 123.8 (15.5) | 33.30% | – | |
Middle | n | 29 | 81 | 221 | 652 | 250 | 733 |
% | 35.80% | 113.6 (16.1) | 33.90% | 123.9 (16.7) | 34.10% | – | |
Low | n | 33 | 83 | 186 | 535 | 219 | 618 |
% | 39.80% | 112.7 (15.6) | 34.80% | 122.8 (15.8) | 35.40% | – | |
Poorest | n | 36 | 82 | 240 | 570 | 276 | 652 |
% | 43.90% | 111.2 (20.4) | 42.10% | 122.5 (16.1) | 42.30% | – | |
p. value |  | 0.254 | 0.117 | 0.008* | 0.324 | 0.003* | – |
Sanitation type | |||||||
Safe sanitation | n | 24 | 59 | 298 | 800 | 322 | 859 |
% | 40.7 | 114.3 (14.7) | 37.3 | 122.4 (15.8) | 37.5 | – | |
Unsafe sanitation | n | 82 | 226 | 718 | 2128 | 800 | 2354 |
% | 36.3 | 113.9 (17.8) | 33.7 | 123.6 (15.7) | 34 | – | |
Open defecation | n | 44 | 125 | 339 | 864 | 383 | 989 |
% | 35.2 | 114.5 (17.9) | 39.2 | 122.8 (15.7) | 38.7 | – | |
p. value |  | 0.764 | 0.954 | 0.011* | 0.145 | 0.017* | – |
Source of drinking water | |||||||
Piped to the house or bottled water | n | 13 | 55 | 286 | 786 | 299 | 841 |
% | 23.6 | 119.6 (14.6) | 36.4 | 122.7 (15.4) | 35.6 | – | |
Piped to public area | n | 50 | 131 | 452 | 1309 | 502 | 1440 |
% | 38.2 | 113.4 (18.9) | 34.5 | 123.3 (15.5) | 34.9 | – | |
Open source | n | 81 | 212 | 588 | 1634 | 669 | 1846 |
% | 38.2 | 113.3 (16.7) | 36 | 123.5 (16.0) | 36.2 | – | |
p. value |  | 0.114 | 0.044* | 0.616 | 0.487 | 0.714 | – |
Frequently listen to the radio | |||||||
Yes | n | 49 | 117 | 378 | 1105 | 427 | 1222 |
% | 41.9 | 114.3 (20.0) | 34.2 | 123.7 (15.4) | 34.9 | – | |
No | n | 103 | 301 | 986 | 2734 | 1089 | 3035 |
% | 34.2 | 114.1 (16.1) | 36.1 | 123.1 (15.9) | 35.9 | – | |
p. value |  | 0.147 | 0.884 | 0.28 | 0.282 | 0.572 | – |
Have health insurance | |||||||
Yes | n | 39 | 129 | 484 | 1333 | 523 | 1462 |
% | 30.2 | 116.2 (14.4) | 36.3 | 123.0 (16.9) | 35.8 | – | |
No | n | 113 | 292 | 883 | 2517 | 996 | 2809 |
% | 38.7 | 113.3 (18.3) | 35.1 | 123.4 (15.8) | 35.5 | – | |
p. value |  | 0.1 | 0.114 | 0.457 | 0.516 | 0.84 | – |
Malaria infection (parasitaemia) | |||||||
Positive | n | 16 | 23 | 72 | 118 | 88 | 141 |
% | 69.6 | 100.8 (18.9) | 61.0 | 115.7 (13.6) | 62.4 | – | |
Negative | n | 136 | 397 | 1292 | 3722 | 1428 | 4119 |
% | 34.3 | 114.9 (16.8) | 34.7 | 123.5 (15.7) | 34.7 | – | |
p. value |  | 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | – |
Level of malaria endemicity | |||||||
Meso-endemic (PR2–10 = 10- < 50%) | n | 33 | 81 | 178 | 512 | 211 | 593 |
% | 40.7 | 113.4 (18.8) | 34.8 | 123.2 (15.1) | 35.6 | – | |
Hypo-endemic (PR2–10 = < 10%) | n | 119 | 340 | 1189 | 3338 | 1308 | 3678 |
% | 35.0 | 114.4 (16.9) | 35.6 | 123.2 (15.8) | 35.6 | – | |
p. value |  | 0.334 | 0.633 | 0.707 | 0.977 | 0.993 | – |