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Table 1 Association between antibiotic prescribing and area-level deprivation in England. Robust standard errors in parentheses **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05

From: An examination of trends in antibiotic prescribing in primary care and the association with area-level deprivation in England

MODEL NUMBER

(1)

(2)

VARIABLES

Excludes measures of ‘need’

Includes measures of ‘need’

Coefficient (Robust Standard Error)

Coefficient (Robust Standard Error)

LSOAs IMD

 1 (Most Deprived)

0.15 (0.01) **

0.03 (0.01) *

 2

0.13 (0.01) **

0.03 (0.01) *

 3

0.11 (0.01) **

0.03 (0.01) *

 4

0.08 (0.01) **

< 0.00 (0.01)

 5

0.06 (0.01) **

< 0.00 (0.01)

 6

0.06 (0.01) **

0.01 (0.01)

 7

0.04 (0.01) **

< 0.00 (0.01)

 8

0.03 (0.01) **

< 0.00 (0.01)

 9

0.02 (0.01) *

< 0.00 (0.01)

 10 (Least Deprived)

Reference

Ethnicity

 % White

< 0.01 (< 0.01) **

< 0.01 (< 0.01) **

Rurality

 Rural

Reference

 Urban

−0.04 (0.01) **

−0.02 (0.01) **

Region

 London

Reference

 East of England

0.20 (0.01) **

0.16 (0.01) **

 East Midlands

0.14 (0.01) **

0.09 (0.01) **

 North East

0.25 (0.01) **

0.16 (0.01) **

 North West

0.21 (0.01) **

0.14 (0.01) **

 South East

0.13 (0.01) **

0.11 (0.02) **

 South West

0.09 (0.01) **

0.05 (0.01) **

 West Midlands

0.15 (0.01) **

0.09 (0.01) **

 Yorkshire and Humber

0.18 (0.01) **

0.11 (0.01) **

Time

 2014–2015

Reference

 2015–2016

−0.10 (< 0.01) **

−0.11 (< 0.01) **

 2016–2017

− 0.12 (< 0.01) **

−0.13 (< 0.01) **

 2017–2018

−0.16 (< 0.01) **

−0.18 (< 0.01) **

Health need

 Diabetes prevalence (%)

 

0.03 (< 0.01) **

 COPD prevalence (%)

 

0.05 (0.01) **

Wald Chi2Statistic

9210.16

9880.89

R2

0.22

0.32

Observations

28,809

28,809