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Table 4 Gender as Predictors of Mean Drinking Outcomes by Each Level of Parental Perceptions (Current Drinker Only)

From: Parenting as an inhibitor of gender disparities in alcohol use: the case of early adolescents in China

 

Drinking Frequency

(n = 1107)

Drinking Amount

(n = 1287)

Heavy Drinking

(n = 1682)

Drinking Problems

(n = 1692)

Male

Female

M-F Difference

Male

Female

M-F Difference

Male

Female

M-F Difference

Male

Female

M-F Difference

Parental Monitoring

 Never

6.52

3.11

3.41*

1.07

0.73

0.34*

1.54

0.33

1.21*

0.85

0.09

0.76*

 Rarely

4.73

4.07

0.66

0.84

0.65

0.19*

0.87

0.43

0.44*

0.46

0.37

0.09

 Sometimes

5.25

5.59

−0.34

0.80

0.72

0.08

1.00

0.31

0.69*

0.58

0.23

0.35*

 Most of the time

3.65

3.71

−0.06

0.72

0.70

0.02

0.68

0.41

0.27

0.30

0.12

0.18

 Always

5.68

3.38

2.30

0.88

0.72

0.16

0.59

0.35

0.24

0.19

0.08

0.11

Parental Involvement

 Never

5.25

3.13

2.12*

0.99

0.70

0.29*

1.44

0.24

1.20*

0.89

0.18

0.71*

 Rarely

4.75

3.71

1.04

0.78

0.70

0.08

0.81

0.40

0.41*

0.37

0.21

0.16

 Sometimes

4.37

3.50

0.87

0.77

0.65

0.12

0.66

0.41

0.25

0.27

0.15

0.12

 Most of the time

4.46

6.31

−1.85

0.81

0.76

0.05

0.96

0.28

0.68*

0.51

0.28

0.23

 Always

5.85

3.90

1.95

0.88

0.67

0.21

0.73

0.60

0.13

0.29

0.14

0.15

Parental Empathy

 Never

6.65

4.52

2.13*

0.94

0.75

0.19*

1.21

0.21

1.00*

0.77

0.10

0.67*

 Rarely

3.77

4.12

−0.35

0.84

0.71

0.13*

0.69

0.37

0.32*

0.33

0.13

0.20*

 Sometimes

4.36

3.63

0.73

0.86

0.72

0.14

0.93

0.29

0.64*

0.45

0.18

0.27*

 Most of the time

5.29

3.81

1.48

0.83

0.72

0.11

0.82

0.57

0.25

0.30

0.22

0.08

 Always

5.37

3.88

1.49

0.71

0.46

0.25*

0.97

0.32

0.65*

0.43

0.47

−0.04

  1. * Gender difference is statistically significant at p < .05; Bold numbers indicate statistically significant difference of current level from estimate at the next higher level; All estimates are adjusted for grade, site, and clustering; M-F Male minus Female