Parenting as an inhibitor of gender disparities in alcohol use: the case of early adolescents in China

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Gender as Predictors of Mean Drinking Outcomes by Each Level of Parental Perceptions (Full Sample)

	Drinking Frequency (n = 7924)			Drinking Amount (n = 8019)			Heavy Drinking (n = 8446)			Drinking Problems (n = 8494)
	Male	Female	M-F Difference	Male	Female	M-F Difference	Male	Female	M-F Difference	Male	Female	M-F Difference
Parental Monitoring
Never	1.61	0.27	1.34*	0.30	0.09	0.21*	0.67	0.09	0.58*	0.37	0.02	0.35*
Rarely	1.04	0.45	0.59*	0.21	0.08	0.13*	0.37	0.12	0.25*	0.19	0.11	0.08*
Sometimes	1.07	0.67	0.40*	0.18	0.10	0.08*	0.43	0.12	0.31*	0.22	0.07	0.15*
Most of the time	0.61	0.34	0.27*	0.14	0.08	0.06*	0.29	0.15	0.14*	0.13	0.07	0.06*
Always	0.63	0.33	0.30*	0.12	0.08	0.04*	0.19	0.09	0.10*	0.08	0.04	0.04*
Parental Involvement
Never	1.40	0.31	1.09*	0.27	0.08	0.19*	0.59	0.11	0.48*	0.38	0.06	0.32*
Rarely	1.11	0.44	0.67*	0.20	0.10	0.10*	0.39	0.15	0.24*	0.18	0.09	0.09*
Sometimes	0.69	0.37	0.32*	0.14	0.08	0.06*	0.31	0.12	0.19*	0.13	0.06	0.07*
Most of the time	0.65	0.60	0.05	0.14	0.09	0.05*	0.30	0.09	0.21*	0.14	0.07	0.07*
Always	1.01	0.48	0.53*	0.18	0.09	0.09*	0.29	0.14	0.15*	0.12	0.07	0.05*
Parental Empathy
Never	1.50	0.56	0.94*	0.23	0.10	0.13*	0.53	0.08	0.45*	0.32	0.06	0.26*
Rarely	0.74	0.47	0.27*	0.18	0.09	0.09*	0.33	0.13	0.20*	0.15	0.07	0.08*
Sometimes	0.87	0.33	0.54*	0.19	0.08	0.11*	0.34	0.11	0.23*	0.19	0.05	0.14*
Most of the time	0.87	0.39	0.48*	0.17	0.09	0.08*	0.30	0.14	0.16*	0.11	0.06	0.05*
Always	0.71	0.36	0.35*	0.12	0.06	0.06*	0.35	0.12	0.23*	0.14	0.09	0.05*

* Gender difference is statistically significant at p < .05; Bold numbers indicate statistically significant difference of current level from estimate at the next higher level; All estimates are adjusted for grade, site, and clustering; M-F Male minus Female

ISSN: 1471-2458