Table 2 Characteristics of Study Participants: Perceived Parenting Behaviors and Drinking Outcomes
|  | Total (n = 8805) | Males (n = 4276) | Females (n = 4471) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Parental Monitoring (0–4) | Never | 12.8% | 13.0% | 12.7% |
Rarely | 21.8% | 21.8% | 21.9% | |
Sometimes | 20.1% | 21.2% | 19.0% | |
Most of the time | 25.3% | 24.4% | 26.1% | |
Always | 20.0% | 19.7% | 20.4% | |
Parental Involvement* (0–4) | Never | 17.9% | 15.4% | 20.3% |
Rarely | 18.4% | 16.6% | 20.2% | |
Sometimes | 26.0% | 25.6% | 26.4% | |
Most of the time | 19.4% | 21.0% | 17.9% | |
Always | 18.3% | 21.4% | 15.3% | |
Parental Empathy (0–4) | Never | 17.8% | 18.4% | 17.2% |
Rarely | 24.3% | 24.3% | 24.3% | |
Sometimes | 21.9% | 22.0% | 21.9% | |
Most of the time | 22.3% | 21.8% | 22.8% | |
Always | 13.7% | 13.6% | 13.8% | |
Drinking Frequency* (0–30 days) (mean, SD) | .67 (3.04) | .94 (3.66) | .41 (2.32) | |
|  | 0 days | 86.0% | 81.8% | 89.9% |
1 or 2 days | 9.1% | 11.0% | 7.3% | |
3 to 5 days | 2.1% | 3.1% | 1.2% | |
6 to 9 days | 1.0% | 1.4% | 0.6% | |
10 days and more | 1.8% | 2.6% | 1.1% | |
Drinking Amount* (0–5 drinks) (mean, SD) | .13 (.41) | .18 (.50) | .09 (.30) | |
| Â | 0 drinks | 84.5% | 80.0% | 88.7% |
Less than one drink | 9.7% | 11.8% | 7.8% | |
1 drink | 4.3% | 6.1% | 2.8% | |
2 drinks and more | 1.5% | 2.2% | .8% | |
Heavy Drinking* (0–10 times) (mean, SD) | .24 (.99) | .37 (1.27) | .12 (.60) | |
| Â | 0 times | 89.7% | 85.7% | 93.5% |
1 or 2 times | 8.8% | 11.7% | 6.0% | |
3 times and more | 1.5% | 2.6% | 0.4% | |
Drinking Problems* (0–10 times) (mean, SD) | .13 (.75) | .18 (.94) | .07 (.49) | |
| Â | 0 times | 94.8% | 93.0% | 96.4% |
1 or 2 times | 4.5% | 5.7% | 3.4% | |
3 times and more | 0.8% | 1.3% | 0.3% | |