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Table 3 Facilitators of PCC for immigrants and refugees

From: Barriers and facilitators of patient centered care for immigrant and refugee women: a scoping review

Level

Articulated by (occurrences across included studies if > 1)

Patient

Clinician

Both

Patient

All patients

None

All patients

None

All patients

none

Women patients

none

Women patients

none

Women patients

Communication skills/style

Clinician

All patients

• Listen to patient; focus attention on them, not computer

• Ask questions to fully understand patient’s concern

• Acknowledge concerns

• Offer comfort and encouragement

• Prepare ahead of time

• Be honest about diagnosis

• Treat patient as person and not a disease

Women patients

• Time to ask questions

• Lack of judgment

• Being provided with information so they could be involved in decisions

• Perceived clinical competency

All patients

• Coordinate tests and appointments (2)

• Personal dedication (2)

• Devote more time to consultations or divide tasks into multiple consultations (2)

• Self-awareness of the influence of one’s own culture

• Take time to describe how the healthcare system works

• Ensure the patient accepts use of an interpreter

• Learn a few words of patient’s language

Women patients

none

All patients

• Establish rapport: greet and welcome the patient, take time to chat informally, adopt a friendly, caring and respectful manner (7)

• Clear communication: speak slowly, use short sentences, explain topics in various ways, avoid medical jargon (4)

• Doctor of same culture or gender, or of older age (3)

• Take extra time to ensure/check comprehension (3)

• Recognize/accommodate/respect cultural differences (3)

• Become familiar with patient’s culture and migration journey (3)

• Involve personal support network as interpreters (2)

• Use skilled interpreters rather than family (2)

• Use verbal and audiovisual rather than written communication (may lack literacy even in own written language (2)

• Personalize care, don’t generalize to culture or country of origin

Women patients

• Gender (2)

• Communication skills

• Ethnicity/religion

Organization or system

All patients

none

Women patients

none

All patients

• Collaboration with community agencies

• Promote a culture of diversity

• Access to language services (2)

Women patients

none

All patients

• Offer orientation to or tours of healthcare services (4)

• Multidisciplinary teamwork (3)

• Continuity of health care team

Women patients

none