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Table 2 Bivariate results of socioeconomic, demographic factors and familial social capital of adolescents in Ghana using cross-tabulation- Chi-square

From: Socioeconomic and demographic determinants of familial social capital inequalities: a cross-sectional study of young people in sub-Saharan African context

Variables

Level of Family Sense of belonging

N = 1909

χ2

Level of Family autonomy support

N = 1479

χ2

Level of Family control

N = 1730

χ2

 

Low

Medium

High

 

Low

Medium

High

 

Low

Medium

High

 

Gender,

N

(%)

N

(%)

N

(%)

 

N

(%)

N

(%)

N

(%)

 

N

(%)

N

(%)

N

(%)

 

 Male

235

(25.5)

377

(40.9)

310

(33.6)

15.779***

170

(23.3)

329

(45.1)

230

(31.6)

13.090**

223

(27.1)

420

(51.0)

180

(21.9)

17.521***

 Female

328

(33.2)

387

(39.2)

272

(27.6)

 

215

(28.7)

358

(47.7)

177

(23.6)

 

215

(23.7)

413

(45.5)

279

(30.8)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 

Age cohort

 Young adolescent

167

(31.0)

235

(43.6)

137

(25.4)

9.301*

96

(25.7)

177

(47.5)

100

(26.8)

0.216

95

(20.2)

214

(45.4)

162

(34.4)

22.848***

 Older adolescent

396

(28.9)

529

(38.6)

445

(32.5)

 

289

(26.1)

510

(46.1)

307

(27.8)

 

343

(27.2)

619

(49.2)

297

(23.6)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 

Educational level

 Secondary

329

(25.2)

510

(39.1)

464

(35.6)

61.180***

286

(26.1)

500

(45.7)

309

(28.2)

1.329

334

(27.3)

597

(48.9)

291

(23.8)

18.688***

 Basic

234

(38.6)

254

(41.9)

118

(19.5)

 

99

(25.8)

187

(48.7)

98

(25.5)

 

104

(20.5)

236

(46.5)

168

(33.1)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 

Family structure

 Both parents

292

(25.2)

483

(41.7)

382

(33.0)

31.825***

218

(24.6)

416

(47.0)

252

(28.4)

7.500

278

(26.2)

510

(48.0)

275

(25.9)

19.680*

 Other

3

(30.0)

5

(50.0)

2

(20.0)

 

3

(37.5)

5

(62.5)

0

(0.0)

 

2

(20.0)

5

(50.0)

3

(30.0)

 

 Stepparent

45

(43.3)

33

(31.7)

26

(25.0)

 

20

(25.3)

40

(50.6)

19

(24.1)

 

12

(13.2)

39

(42.9)

40

(44.0)

 

 Family relatives

84

(33.6)

103

(41.2)

63

(25.2)

 

57

(31.0)

77

(41.8)

50

(27.2)

 

55

(25.2)

115

(52.8)

48

(22.0)

 

 Single parent

139

(35.8)

140

(36.1)

109

(28.1)

 

87

(27.0)

149

(46.3)

86

(26.7)

 

91

(26.1)

164

(47.1)

93

(26.7)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 

Religion

 Christian

405

(29.1)

562

(40.4)

425

(30.5)

8.811

267

(24.3)

523

(47.6)

309

(28.1)

9.580*

308

(24.6)

609

(48.7)

333

(26.6)

8.163

 Traditionalist

11

(61.1)

4

(22.2)

3

(16.7)

 

7

(50.0)

5

(35.7)

2

(14.3)

 

0

(0.0)

9

(56.3)

7

(43.8)

 

 Muslim

147

(29.5)

198

(39.7)

154

(30.9)

 

111

(30.3)

159

(43.4)

96

(26.2)

 

130

(28.0)

215

(46.3)

119

(25.6)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 

Marital status

 Married

22

(37.9)

24

(41.4)

12

(20.7)

12.469

7

(14.3)

26

(53.1)

16

(32.7)

11.985

14

(25.9)

24

(44.4)

16

(29.6)

1.914

 Other

3

(23.1)

3

(23.1)

7

(53.8)

 

6

(50.0)

3

(25.0)

3

(25.0)

 

2

(25.0)

4

(50.0)

2

(25.0)

 

 Separated/ broke-up

6

(37.5)

7

(43.8)

3

(18.8)

 

6

(46.2)

5

(38.5)

2

(15.4)

 

2

(14.3)

7

(50.0)

5

(35.7)

 

 Cohabiting

13

(20.0)

25

(38.5)

27

(41.5)

 

13

(24.1)

22

(40.7)

19

(35.2)

 

14

(26.4)

27

(50.9)

12

(22.6)

 

 Never married

519

(29.5)

705

(40.1)

533

(30.3)

 

353

(26.1)

631

(46.7)

367

(27.2)

 

406

(25.4)

771

(48.2)

424

(26.5)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 

Ethnicity

 Waala

57

(23.8)

102

(42.5)

81

(33.8)

16.896

36

(22.4)

88

(54.7)

37

(23.0)

16.738

65

(30.8)

109

(51.7)

37

(17.5)

28.466**

 Dagaaba

338

(29.2)

464

(40.1)

354

(30.6)

 

231

(25.4)

416

(45.7)

264

(29.0)

 

251

(23.9)

505

(48.0)

296

(28.1)

 

 Sissala

33

(37.1)

29

(32.6)

27

(30.3)

 

25

(33.8)

34

(45.9)

15

(20.3)

 

19

(23.2)

33

(40.2)

30

(36.6)

 

 Northern tribe

53

(31.0)

66

(38.6)

52

(30.4)

 

35

(27.3)

60

(46.9)

33

(25.8)

 

44

(28.6)

71

(46.1)

39

(25.3)

 

 Other

28

(25.2)

44

(39.6)

39

(35.1)

 

21

(21.4)

42

(42.9)

35

(35.7)

 

39

(35.5)

50

(45.5)

21

(19.1)

 

 Brifour

54

(38.0)

59

(41.5)

29

(20.4)

 

37

(34.6)

47

(43.9)

23

(21.5)

 

20

(16.5)

65

(53.7)

36

(29.8)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 

Material affluence

 Low

267

(34.4)

312

(40.2)

198

(25.5)

56.223***

183

(29.6)

295

(47.7)

140

(22.7)

36.103***

154

(21.6)

342

(47.9)

218

(30.5)

17.150**

 Medium

202

(32.9)

238

(38.8)

174

(28.3)

 

121

(26.8)

220

(48.8)

110

(24.4)

 

145

(26.6)

259

(47.5)

141

(25.9)

 

 High

94

(18.1)

214

(41.3)

210

(40.5)

 

81

(19.8)

172

(42.0)

157

(38.3)

 

139

(29.5)

232

(49.3)

100

(21.2)

 

Total

563

(29.5)

764

(40.0)

582

(30.5)

 

385

(26.0)

687

(46.5)

407

(27.5)

 

438

(25.3)

833

(48.2)

459

(26.5)

 
  1. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.005, *p < 0.05, N = sample size