Variables | Level of Family Sense of belonging N = 1909 | χ2 | Level of Family autonomy support N = 1479 | χ2 | Level of Family control N = 1730 | χ2 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | Low | Medium | High | |||||||||||||
Gender, | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |||
Male | 235 | (25.5) | 377 | (40.9) | 310 | (33.6) | 15.779*** | 170 | (23.3) | 329 | (45.1) | 230 | (31.6) | 13.090** | 223 | (27.1) | 420 | (51.0) | 180 | (21.9) | 17.521*** |
Female | 328 | (33.2) | 387 | (39.2) | 272 | (27.6) | 215 | (28.7) | 358 | (47.7) | 177 | (23.6) | 215 | (23.7) | 413 | (45.5) | 279 | (30.8) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) | |||
Age cohort | |||||||||||||||||||||
Young adolescent | 167 | (31.0) | 235 | (43.6) | 137 | (25.4) | 9.301* | 96 | (25.7) | 177 | (47.5) | 100 | (26.8) | 0.216 | 95 | (20.2) | 214 | (45.4) | 162 | (34.4) | 22.848*** |
Older adolescent | 396 | (28.9) | 529 | (38.6) | 445 | (32.5) | 289 | (26.1) | 510 | (46.1) | 307 | (27.8) | 343 | (27.2) | 619 | (49.2) | 297 | (23.6) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) | |||
Educational level | |||||||||||||||||||||
Secondary | 329 | (25.2) | 510 | (39.1) | 464 | (35.6) | 61.180*** | 286 | (26.1) | 500 | (45.7) | 309 | (28.2) | 1.329 | 334 | (27.3) | 597 | (48.9) | 291 | (23.8) | 18.688*** |
Basic | 234 | (38.6) | 254 | (41.9) | 118 | (19.5) | 99 | (25.8) | 187 | (48.7) | 98 | (25.5) | 104 | (20.5) | 236 | (46.5) | 168 | (33.1) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) | |||
Family structure | |||||||||||||||||||||
Both parents | 292 | (25.2) | 483 | (41.7) | 382 | (33.0) | 31.825*** | 218 | (24.6) | 416 | (47.0) | 252 | (28.4) | 7.500 | 278 | (26.2) | 510 | (48.0) | 275 | (25.9) | 19.680* |
Other | 3 | (30.0) | 5 | (50.0) | 2 | (20.0) | 3 | (37.5) | 5 | (62.5) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (20.0) | 5 | (50.0) | 3 | (30.0) | |||
Stepparent | 45 | (43.3) | 33 | (31.7) | 26 | (25.0) | 20 | (25.3) | 40 | (50.6) | 19 | (24.1) | 12 | (13.2) | 39 | (42.9) | 40 | (44.0) | |||
Family relatives | 84 | (33.6) | 103 | (41.2) | 63 | (25.2) | 57 | (31.0) | 77 | (41.8) | 50 | (27.2) | 55 | (25.2) | 115 | (52.8) | 48 | (22.0) | |||
Single parent | 139 | (35.8) | 140 | (36.1) | 109 | (28.1) | 87 | (27.0) | 149 | (46.3) | 86 | (26.7) | 91 | (26.1) | 164 | (47.1) | 93 | (26.7) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) | |||
Religion | |||||||||||||||||||||
Christian | 405 | (29.1) | 562 | (40.4) | 425 | (30.5) | 8.811 | 267 | (24.3) | 523 | (47.6) | 309 | (28.1) | 9.580* | 308 | (24.6) | 609 | (48.7) | 333 | (26.6) | 8.163 |
Traditionalist | 11 | (61.1) | 4 | (22.2) | 3 | (16.7) | 7 | (50.0) | 5 | (35.7) | 2 | (14.3) | 0 | (0.0) | 9 | (56.3) | 7 | (43.8) | |||
Muslim | 147 | (29.5) | 198 | (39.7) | 154 | (30.9) | 111 | (30.3) | 159 | (43.4) | 96 | (26.2) | 130 | (28.0) | 215 | (46.3) | 119 | (25.6) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) | |||
Marital status | |||||||||||||||||||||
Married | 22 | (37.9) | 24 | (41.4) | 12 | (20.7) | 12.469 | 7 | (14.3) | 26 | (53.1) | 16 | (32.7) | 11.985 | 14 | (25.9) | 24 | (44.4) | 16 | (29.6) | 1.914 |
Other | 3 | (23.1) | 3 | (23.1) | 7 | (53.8) | 6 | (50.0) | 3 | (25.0) | 3 | (25.0) | 2 | (25.0) | 4 | (50.0) | 2 | (25.0) | |||
Separated/ broke-up | 6 | (37.5) | 7 | (43.8) | 3 | (18.8) | 6 | (46.2) | 5 | (38.5) | 2 | (15.4) | 2 | (14.3) | 7 | (50.0) | 5 | (35.7) | |||
Cohabiting | 13 | (20.0) | 25 | (38.5) | 27 | (41.5) | 13 | (24.1) | 22 | (40.7) | 19 | (35.2) | 14 | (26.4) | 27 | (50.9) | 12 | (22.6) | |||
Never married | 519 | (29.5) | 705 | (40.1) | 533 | (30.3) | 353 | (26.1) | 631 | (46.7) | 367 | (27.2) | 406 | (25.4) | 771 | (48.2) | 424 | (26.5) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) | |||
Ethnicity | |||||||||||||||||||||
Waala | 57 | (23.8) | 102 | (42.5) | 81 | (33.8) | 16.896 | 36 | (22.4) | 88 | (54.7) | 37 | (23.0) | 16.738 | 65 | (30.8) | 109 | (51.7) | 37 | (17.5) | 28.466** |
Dagaaba | 338 | (29.2) | 464 | (40.1) | 354 | (30.6) | 231 | (25.4) | 416 | (45.7) | 264 | (29.0) | 251 | (23.9) | 505 | (48.0) | 296 | (28.1) | |||
Sissala | 33 | (37.1) | 29 | (32.6) | 27 | (30.3) | 25 | (33.8) | 34 | (45.9) | 15 | (20.3) | 19 | (23.2) | 33 | (40.2) | 30 | (36.6) | |||
Northern tribe | 53 | (31.0) | 66 | (38.6) | 52 | (30.4) | 35 | (27.3) | 60 | (46.9) | 33 | (25.8) | 44 | (28.6) | 71 | (46.1) | 39 | (25.3) | |||
Other | 28 | (25.2) | 44 | (39.6) | 39 | (35.1) | 21 | (21.4) | 42 | (42.9) | 35 | (35.7) | 39 | (35.5) | 50 | (45.5) | 21 | (19.1) | |||
Brifour | 54 | (38.0) | 59 | (41.5) | 29 | (20.4) | 37 | (34.6) | 47 | (43.9) | 23 | (21.5) | 20 | (16.5) | 65 | (53.7) | 36 | (29.8) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) | |||
Material affluence | |||||||||||||||||||||
Low | 267 | (34.4) | 312 | (40.2) | 198 | (25.5) | 56.223*** | 183 | (29.6) | 295 | (47.7) | 140 | (22.7) | 36.103*** | 154 | (21.6) | 342 | (47.9) | 218 | (30.5) | 17.150** |
Medium | 202 | (32.9) | 238 | (38.8) | 174 | (28.3) | 121 | (26.8) | 220 | (48.8) | 110 | (24.4) | 145 | (26.6) | 259 | (47.5) | 141 | (25.9) | |||
High | 94 | (18.1) | 214 | (41.3) | 210 | (40.5) | 81 | (19.8) | 172 | (42.0) | 157 | (38.3) | 139 | (29.5) | 232 | (49.3) | 100 | (21.2) | |||
Total | 563 | (29.5) | 764 | (40.0) | 582 | (30.5) | 385 | (26.0) | 687 | (46.5) | 407 | (27.5) | 438 | (25.3) | 833 | (48.2) | 459 | (26.5) |