Table 1 Prevalence of moderate and severe childhood stunting at various levels of independent variables in Punjab, Pakistan (Punjab MICS-2014) (n = 25,066)
Variables | Stunting (Moderate SD < − 2) | Stunting (Severe SD < − 3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | Total | Yes N (%) | No N (%) | |
Total (%) | 25,066 | 6865 (27.4) | 18,201 (72.6) | 25,066 | 2602 (10.4) | 22,464 (89.6) |
Individual and Household Level characteristics | ||||||
Age Group | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  0–5 months | 2177 | 247 (11) | 1930 (89) | 2177 | 99 (5) | 2078 (95) |
  6–11 | 2767 | 531 (19) | 2236 (81) | 2767 | 157 (6) | 2609 (94) |
  12–23 | 4827 | 1484 (31) | 3343 (69) | 4827 | 569 (12) | 4258 (88) |
  24–35 | 4838 | 1266 (26) | 3572 (74) | 4838 | 478 (10) | 4360 (90) |
  36–47 | 5373 | 1785 (33) | 3588 (76) | 5373 | 657 (12) | 4716 (88) |
  48–59 | 5082 | 1549 (30) | 3533 (70) | 5082 | 641 (13) | 4441 (87) |
Birth Order | 0.04 | 0.023 | ||||
  1st | 16,391 | 4415 (27) | 11,976 (73) | 16,435 | 1641 (10) | 14,794 (90) |
  2nd | 7323 | 2046 (28) | 5277 (68) | 7323 | 816 (11) | 6507 (89) |
  3+ | 1351 | 403 (30) | 948 (70) | 1351 | 144 (11) | 1207 (89) |
Gender of Child | 0.024 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Boy | 12,712 | 3384 (27) | 9328 (73) | 12,712 | 1231 (10) | 11,481 (90) |
  Girl | 12,354 | 3481 (28) | 8873 (68) | 12,354 | 1371 (11) | 10,983 (89) |
Size at Birth | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
  Large | 1052 | 218 (21) | 834 (79) | 1052 | 80 (8) | 972 (92) |
  Average | 8862 | 2281 (26) | 6581 (74) | 8862 | 846 (10) | 8016 (90) |
  Small | 2633 | 938 (36) | 1695 (64) | 2633 | 406 (15) | 2227 (85) |
Diarrhea | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Yes | 4391 | 1344 (31) | 3047 (69) | 4391 | 556 (13) | 3835 (87) |
  No | 20,676 | 5522 (27) | 15,154 (73) | 20,675 | 2046 (10) | 18,629 (90) |
Breast Feeding | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Yes | 13,950 | 3365 (24) | 10,585 (76) | 13,949 | 1226 (9) | 12,723 (91) |
  No | 703 | 179 (25) | 524 (75) | 703 | 81 (12) | 622 (88) |
Mother Education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Noeducation | 12,270 | 4428 (36) | 7842 (64) | 12,270 | 1861 (15) | 10,409 (85) |
  Primary | 4517 | 1149 (25) | 3368 (75) | 4517 | 367 (8) | 4150 (92) |
  Middle | 2481 | 508 (20) | 1973 (80) | 2481 | 156 (6) | 2325 (94) |
  Secondary | 3101 | 529 (17) | 2572 (83) | 3101 | 156 (5) | 2945 (95) |
  Higher | 2696 | 249 (9) | 2447 (91) | 2696 | 63 (2) | 2633 (98) |
Mother Age | 0.042 | 0.305 | ||||
   < 18 | 1696 | 499 (29) | 1197 (71) | 1696 | 185 (11) | 1511 (89) |
  18–24 | 5148 | 1323 (26) | 3825 (74) | 5148 | 495 (10) | 4653 (90) |
  25–35 | 13,893 | 3810 (27) | 10,083 (73) | 13,893 | 1428 (10) | 12,465 (90) |
  36+ | 4327 | 1232 (28) | 3095 (72) | 4327 | 492 (11) | 3835 (89) |
Antenatal Care | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  1–4 visits | 6169 | 1725 (28) | 4444 (72) | 6169 | 625 (10) | 5544 (90) |
  5+ visits | 3914 | 718 (18) | 3196 (82) | 3914 | 253 (6) | 3661 (94) |
Postnatal Care | 0.723 | 0.431 | ||||
  Yes | 4764 | 1315 (28) | 3449 (72) | 4764 | 517 (11) | 4247 (89) |
  No | 7703 | 2100 (27) | 5603 (73) | 7703 | 799 (10) | 904 (90) |
Child Delivery | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Home | 5452 | 1884 (35) | 3568 (65) | 5452 | 773 (14) | 4679 (86) |
  Hospitals | 7150 | 1567 (22) | 5583 (78) | 7150 | 562 (8) | 6588 (92) |
Father Education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Noeducation | 7335 | 2814 (38) | 4521 (62) | 7335 | 1217 (17) | 6118 (83) |
  Primary | 4536 | 1419 (31) | 3117 (69) | 4536 | 524 (12) | 4012 (88) |
  Middle | 4138 | 1024 (25) | 3114 (75) | 4138 | 326 (8) | 3812 (92) |
  Secondary | 5507 | 1144 (21) | 4363 (79) | 5507 | 391 (7) | 5116 (93) |
  Higher | 3548 | 463 (13) | 3085 (87) | 3548 | 144 (4) | 3405 (96) |
WealthIndex | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Poor | 11,167 | 4155 (37) | 7012 (63) | 11,167 | 1770 (16) | 9397 (84) |
  Middle | 4915 | 1218 (25) | 3697 (75) | 4915 | 395 (8) | 4520 (92) |
  Rich | 8983 | 1491 (17) | 7492 (83) | 8983 | 436 (5) | 8547 (95) |
Household Size | < 0.001 | < 0.002 | ||||
  3–4 members | 2873 | 705 (25) | 2168 (75) | 2873 | 250 (9) | 2623 (91) |
  5–6 members | 7179 | 1983 (28) | 5196 (68) | 7179 | 774 (11) | 6405 (89) |
  7–8 members | 6177 | 1838 (30) | 4339 (70) | 6177 | 706 (11) | 5471 (89) |
  8+ members | 8836 | 2339 (26) | 6497 (74) | 8836 | 871 (10) | 7965 (90) |
Community Level Characteristics | ||||||
Ethnicity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Urdu | 1267 | 243 (19) | 1024 (81) | 1267 | 76 (6) | 1191 (94) |
  Punjabi | 16,141 | 3967 (25) | 12,174 (75) | 16,141 | 1332 (8) | 14,808 (92) |
  Saraikai | 6040 | 2139 (35) | 3901 (65) | 6040 | 973 (16) | 5067 (84) |
  Others | 1617 | 515 (32) | 1102 (68) | 1617 | 221 (13) | 1396 (87) |
Region | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Urban | 7842 | 1620 (21) | 6222 (79) | 7842 | 538 (7) | 7304 (93) |
  Rural | 17,224 | 5245 (30) | 11,979 (70) | 17,224 | 2063 (12) | 15,161 (88) |
Sanitation | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Improved | 17,903 | 4185 (23) | 13,718 (77) | 17,903 | 1429 (8) | 16,474 (92) |
  Unimproved | 7163 | 2679 (37) | 4484 (63) | 7163 | 1173 (16) | 5990 (84) |
WaterFacilities | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Improved | 23,613 | 6584 (28) | 17,029 (72) | 23,613 | 2507 (11) | 21,106 (89) |
  Unimproved | 1453 | 281 (19) | 1172 (81) | 1453 | 94 (7) | 1359 (93) |
Water Treatment | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Treated | 1524 | 228 (15) | 1296 (85) | 1425 | 82 (5) | 1443 (95) |
  Untreated | 23,542 | 6638 (28) | 16,904 (72) | 23,524 | 2521 (11) | 21,023 (89) |
Regional LevelCharacteristics | ||||||
Food InsecurityIndex (FII) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Insecure | 2662 | 1035 (39) | 1626 (61) | 2662 | 482 (18) | 2179 (82) |
  Vulnerable | 8875 | 2598 (29) | 6277 (71) | 8875 | 1016 (11) | 7859 (89) |
  Secure | 13,529 | 3232 (24) | 10,297 (76) | 13,529 | 1104 (8) | 12,425 (92) |
Division | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
  Rawalpindi | 1909 | 312 (16) | 1597 (84) | 1909 | 86 (5) | 1823 (95) |
  Bahawalpur | 2930 | 1016 (35) | 1914 (65) | 2930 | 432 (15) | 2498 (85) |
  D.G Khan | 2822 | 1112 (39) | 1710 (61) | 2822 | 528 (19) | 2294 (81) |
  Faisalabad | 3115 | 758 (24) | 2357 (76) | 3115 | 272 (9) | 2843 (91) |
  Gujranwala | 3234 | 727 (22) | 2507 (78) | 3234 | 235 (7) | 2999 (93) |
  Lahore | 4416 | 1093 (25) | 3323 (75) | 4416 | 378 (9) | 4038 (91) |
  Multan | 2853 | 823 (29) | 2030 (71) | 2853 | 326 (11) | 2527 (89) |
  Sahiwal | 1880 | 522 (28) | 1358 (71) | 1880 | 188 (10) | 1691 (90) |
  Sargoda | 1904 | 500 (26) | 1404 (74) | 1904 | 155 (8) | 1749 (92) |