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Table 3 MMAT

From: Use, adoption, and effectiveness of tippy-tap handwashing station in promoting hand hygiene practices in resource-limited settings: a systematic review

Name of study author

Type of study

Methodological quality criteria

Yes

Comments

Score

Abass (2018) [16]

Mixed methods

5.1. Is the mixed methods research design relevant to address the qualitative and quantitative research questions (or objectives), or the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the mixed methods question (or objective)?

Y

not clear

75%

5.2. Is the integration of qualitative and quantitative data (or results*) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

5.3. Is appropriate consideration given to the limitations associated with this integration, e.g., the divergence of qualitative and quantitative data (or results*) in a triangulation design?

N

Aiemjoy et al. 2017 [17]

Quantitative cross sectional

4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the quantitative research question (quantitative aspect of the mixed methods question)?

Y

 

100%

4.2. Is the sample representative of the population understudy?

Y

4.3. Are measurements appropriate (clear origin, or validity known, or standard instrument)?

Y

4.4. Is there an acceptable response rate (60% or above)?

Y

Biran (2011) [7]

Qualitative

1.1. Are the sources of qualitative data (archives, documents, informants, observations) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

Nothing on analysis

50%

1.2. Is the process for analysing qualitative data relevant to address the research question (objective)?

N

1.3. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to the context, e.g., the setting, in which the data were collected?

Y

1.4. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to researchers’ influence, e.g., through their interactions with participants?

N

Breese et al., (2016) 

Qualitative

1.1. Are the sources of qualitative data (archives, documents, informants, observations) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

 

100%

1.2. Is the process for analyzing qualitative data relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

1.3. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to the context, e.g., the setting, in which the data were collected?

Y

1.4. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to researchers’ influence, e.g., through their interactions with participants?

Y

Cantrell, (2013) [19]

Quantitative descriptive Survey

4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the quantitative research question (quantitative aspect of the mixed methods question)?

Y

 

100%

4.2. Is the sample representative of the population understudy?

Y

4.3. Are measurements appropriate (clear origin, or validity known, or standard instrument)?

Y

4.4. Is there an acceptable response rate (60% or above)? applicable, an acceptable response rate (60% or above), or an acceptable

Y

Chisanga et al. 2018 [20]

Quantitative cross sectional

4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the quantitative research question (quantitative aspect of the mixed methods question)?

Y

 

100%

4.2. Is the sample representative of the population understudy?

Y

4.3. Are measurements appropriate (clear origin, or validity known, or standard instrument)?

Y

4.4. Is there an acceptable response rate (60% or above)?

Y

Chiziwisano et al., 2019 

Mixed methods

5.1. Is the mixed methods research design relevant to address the qualitative and quantitative research questions (or objectives), or the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the mixed methods question (or objective)?

Y

 

100%

5.2. Is the integration of qualitative and quantitative data (or results*) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

5.3. Is appropriate consideration given to the limitations associated with this integration, e.g., the divergence of qualitative and quantitative data (or results*) in a triangulation design?

Y

Christensen et al. (2015) [22]

Randomized controlled trial

2.1. Is there a clear description of the randomization (or an appropriate sequence generation)?

Y

 

100%

2.2. Is there a clear description of the allocation concealment (or blinding when applicable)?

Y

2.3. Are there complete outcome data (80% or above)?

Y

2.4. Is there low withdrawal/drop-out (below 20%)?

Y

Contzen et al. (2015) [23]

Quasi-experiment

2.1. Is there a clear description of the randomization (or an appropriate sequence generation)?

Y

 

75%

2.2. Is there a clear description of the allocation concealment (or blinding when applicable)?

N

2.3. Are there complete outcome data (80% or above)?

Y

2.4. Is there low withdrawal/drop-out (below 20%)?

Y

Dajaan et al. (2018) [24]

Quantitative

cross sectional

4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the quantitative research question (quantitative aspect of the mixed methods question)?

Y

 

100%

4.2. Is the sample representative of the population understudy?

Y

4.3. Are measurements appropriate (clear origin, or validity known, or standard instrument)?

Y

4.4. Is there an acceptable response rate (60% or above)? applicable, an acceptable response rate (60% or above), or an acceptable

Y

Hurtado (1994) [25]

Qualitative

1. Are the sources of qualitative data (archives, documents, informants, observations) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

not clear

75%

1.2. Is the process for analysing qualitative data relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

1.3. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to the context, e.g., the setting, in which the data were collected?

Y

1.4. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to researchers’ influence, e.g., through their interactions with participants?

N

Kamuteera et al. 2018 [26]

Quantitative cross sectional survey

4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the quantitative research question (quantitative aspect of the mixed methods question)?

Y

not clear

75%

4.2. Is the sample representative of the population understudy?

Y

4.3. Are measurements appropriate (clear origin, or validity known, or standard instrument)?

Y

4.4. Is there an acceptable response rate (60% or above)? applicable, an acceptable response rate (60% or above), or an acceptable

N

Mbuya et al., (2015) [27]

Qualitative

1.1. Are the sources of qualitative data (archives, documents, informants, observations) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

 

75%

1.2. Is the process for analyzing qualitative data relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

1.3. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to the context, e.g., the setting, in which the data were collected?

Y

1.4. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to researchers’ influence, e.g., through their interactions with participants?

N

Musoke et all. 2018 [28]

Mixed methods

5.1. Is the mixed methods research design relevant to address the qualitative and quantitative research questions (or objectives), or the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the mixed methods question (or objective)?

Y

Superficial analysis procedures reported

75%

5.2. Is the integration of qualitative and quantitative data (or results*) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

5.3. Is appropriate consideration given to the limitations associated with this integration, e.g., the divergence of qualitative and quantitative data (or results*) in a triangulation design?

N

Mwakitalima (2018) [29]

Quantitative cross sectional

3.1. Are participants (organizations) recruited in a way that minimizes selection bias?

Y

5KM apart

100%

3.2. Are measurements appropriate (clear origin, or validity known, or standard instrument; and absence of contamination between groups when appropriate) regarding the exposure/intervention and outcomes?

Y

3.3. In the groups being compared (exposed vs. non-exposed; with intervention vs. without; cases vs. controls), are the participants comparable, or do researchers take into account (control for) the difference between these groups?

Y

3.4. Are there complete outcome data (80% or above), and, when applicable, an acceptable response rate (60% or above), or an acceptable follow-up rate for cohort studies (depending on the duration of follow-up)?

Y

Pietropaoli (2017) [30]

Qualitative

1.1. Are the sources of qualitative data (archives, documents, informants, observations) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

Nothing on analysis

50%

1.2. Is the process for analyzing qualitative data relevant to address the research question (objective)?

N

1.3. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to the context, e.g., the setting, in which the data were collected?

Y

1.4. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to researchers’ influence, e.g., through their interactions with participants?

N

Shukla (2018) [31]

Quantitative descriptive

4.1. Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the quantitative research question (quantitative aspect of the mixed methods question)?

Y

Info not given

75%

4.2. Is the sample representative of the population understudy?

Y

4.3. Are measurements appropriate (clear origin, or validity known, or standard instrument)?

Y

4.4. Is there an acceptable response rate (60% or above)?

N

Singh et al. (2016) [32]

Qualitative

1.1. Are the sources of qualitative data (archives, documents, informants, observations) relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

 

100%

1.2. Is the process for analysing qualitative data relevant to address the research question (objective)?

Y

1.3. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to the context, e.g., the setting, in which the data were collected?

Y

1.4. Is appropriate consideration given to how findings relate to researchers’ influence, e.g., through their interactions with participants?

Y

Singh et al. (2016b) [33]

Randomised controlled trial

2.1. Is there a clear description of the randomization (or an appropriate sequence generation)?

Y

 

75%

2.2. Is there a clear description of the allocation concealment (or blinding when applicable)?

N

2.3. Are there complete outcome data (80% or above)?

Y

2.4. Is there low withdrawal/drop-out (below 20%)?

Y

Zhang et al. (2013) [34]

Randomized controlled trial

2.1. Is there a clear description of the randomization (or an appropriate sequence generation)?

Y

 

75%

2.2. Is there a clear description of the allocation concealment (or blinding when applicable)?

N

2.3. Are there complete outcome data (80% or above)?

Y

2.4. Is there low withdrawal/drop-out (below 20%)?

Y

  1. *Both qualitative and quantitative results