Table 2 Secular trends in cardiovascular risk factors in six cohorts of middle-aged women
Cohort 1 Born 1925–1934 Year of examination 1980 | Cohort 2 Born 1931–1940 Year of examination 1985 | Cohort 3 Born 1936–1945 Year of examination 1990 | Cohort 4 Born 1941–1950 Year of examination 1995 | Cohort 5 Born 1953 Year of examination 2003–2004 | Cohort 6 Born 1963 Year of examination 2013–2014 | P for trend | P for Cohort 5 versus cohort 6 | Mean change between the studied cohorts | P for mean change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | N = 618 | N = 207 | N = 218 | N = 241 | N = 667 | N = 343 | ||||
Age, mean (SD) | 49.5 (2.9) | 49.8 (2.9) | 49.1 (2.6) | 49.7 (2.5) | 50.2 (0.4) | 50.0 (.0) | ||||
Age, median (Q1; Q3) | 49 (47; 52) | 50 (47; 52) | 49 (47; 51) | 50 (48; 51) | 50 (50; 50) | 50 (50; 50) | ||||
Height, cm | 163.8 (5.8) | 164.9 (6.2) | 165.4 (6.1) | 166.0 (6.4) | 166.0 (6.8) | 165.9 (6.6) | < 0.0001 | n.s. | 0.40 (0.10–0.70) | 0.020 |
Weight, kg | 66.2 (10.8) | 65.9 (11.3) | 68.1 (12.7) | 69.2 (11.9) | 70.5 (13.0) | 70.7 (14.0) | < 0.0001 | n.s. | 1.06 (0.66–1.47) | 0.0019 |
Waist circumference, cm | – | 80.1 (10.7) | 77.9 (10.4) | 80.7 (10.3) | 83.1 (11.4) | 88.4 (11.7) | < 0.0001 | <.0001 | 2.20 (−0.17; 4.57) | 0.060 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 (3.9) | 24.3 (4.0) | 24.9 (4.5) | 25.1 (4.2) | 25.6 (4.5) | 25.7 (4.9) | < 0.0001 | n.s | 0.27 (0.09–0.44) | 0.014 |
BMI four categories, % (n) | 0.0012 | n.s | ||||||||
BMI < 20 | 4.7 (29) | 11.1 (23) | 6.9 (15) | 7.9 (19) | 5.0 (33) | 7.3 (25) | 1.01 (0.93–1.11) | 0.78 | ||
20 ≤ BMI < 25 | 55.5 (343) | 54.6 (113) | 55.1 (120) | 49.0 (118) | 49.2 (328) | 47.2 (162) | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 0.0021 | ||
25 ≤ BMI < 30 | 29.5 (182) | 25.6 (53) | 25.7 (56) | 32.0 (77) | 30.7 (205) | 28.9 (99) | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 0.51 | ||
BMI ≥ 30 | 10.4 (64) | 8.7 (18) | 12.4 (27) | 11.2 (27) | 15.1 (101) | 16.6 (57) | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 0.0005 | ||
Systolic BP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 135.3 (20.7) | 128.7 (18.5) | 125.5 (17.0) | 128.4 (17.9) | 123.1 (19.0) | 129.3 (16.5) | < 0.0001 | <.0001 | −1.25 (−3.75; 1.24) | 0.24 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 85.1 (11.1) | 81.0 (9.4) | 80.2 (9.3) | 82.9 (9.9) | 82.6 (10.8) | 81.6 (9.8) | < 0.0001 | n.s | −0.29 (−1.5; 0.92) | 0.55 |
Blood pressure treatment, % (n) | 9.71 (60) | 6.28 (13) | 10.55 (23) | 7.88 (19) | 9.60 (64) | 7.62 (26) | n.s. | n.s. | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.66 |
Hypertension, % (n) | 37.7 (233) | 29.5 (61) | 25.7 (56) | 30.3 (73) | 29.7 (198) | 24.5 (84) | < 0.0001 | 0.081 | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | < 0.0001 |
Serum cholesterol, mmol/L | 6.23 (1.09) | 6.23 (1.21) | 5.82 (1.15) | 5.60 (1.08) | 5.44 (0.93) | 5.43 (0.98) | < 0.0001 | n.s. | −0.19 (−0.26; −0.11) | 0.0025 |
Serum triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.07 (0.54) | 1.17 (0.68) | 1.27 (0.51) | 1.38 (0.75) | 1.24 (1.14) | 1.05 (0.67) | < 0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.01 (−0.09; 0.10) | 0.87 |
Self-reported diabetes, % (n) | 1.78 (11) | 2.42 (5) | 0.92 (2) | 2.07 (5) | 1.95 (13) | 1.17 (4) | n.s. | n.s. | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 0.72 |
Smoking habits, % (n) | 0.0006 | 0.0006 | ||||||||
Never smoked | 51.7 (319) | 44.9 (92) | 53.2 (116) | 45.2 (109) | 37.5 (250) | 58.6 (201) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.13 | ||
Former smokers | 13.8 (85) | 20.0 (41) | 15.6 (34) | 29.5 (71) | 36.3 (242) | 28.6 (98) | 1.28 (1.21–1.35) | < 0.0001 | ||
Current smokers, 1–14 g/day | 22.2 (137) | 13.7 (28) | 11.9 (26) | 8.7 (21) | 16.4 (109) | 7.6 (26) | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | < 0.0001 | ||
Current smokers, > 14 g/day | 12.3 (76) | 21.5 (44) | 19.3 (42) | 16.6 (40) | 9.8 (65) | 5.2 (18) | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | < 0.0001 | ||
Physical activity in leisure time, % (n) | < 0.0001 | 0.0003 | ||||||||
Sedentary | 23.5 (145) | 19.5 (40) | 13.5 (29) | 28.6 (50) | 13.8 (92) | 10.5 (36) | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | < 0.0001 | ||
Light PA | 68.7 (424) | 73.2 (150) | 75.8 (163) | 56.0 (98) | 62.3 (415) | 53.9 (185) | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | < 0.0001 | ||
Regular PA | 7.8 (48) | 7.3 (15) | 10.7 (23) | 15.4 (27) | 23.9 (159) | 35.6 (122) | 1.49 (1.39–1.60) | < 0.0001 | ||
Permanent stress, % (n) | 16.4 (101) | 16.1 (33) | 19.5 (42) | 17.0 (25) | 22.8 (151) | 22.2 (76) | 0.0016 | n.s. | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.0017 |
Born in Sweden, % (n) | 86.57 (535) | 81.33 (196) | 76.61 (511) | 75.22 (258) | < 0.0001 | n.s. | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) | < 0.0001 |