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Table 4 Logistic Models Predicting Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Children Aged 13–17 Years Experiencing Physical and/or Sexual Violence in Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania

From: Disclosure, reporting and help seeking among child survivors of violence: a cross-country analysis

 

Malawi

Nigeria

Tanzania

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

Covariates

Informal: Disclosure

Formal: Knowledge of where to seek help

Formal: Disclosure or help seeking

Formal: Received help

Informal: Disclosure

Formal: Knowledge of where to seek help

Formal: Disclosure or help seeking

Formal: Received help

Informal: Disclosure

Formal: Disclosure or help seeking

Formal: Received help

Male

0.62

1.67*

0.73

0.72

0.94

2.29**

1.10

1.10

0.29*

0.24*

0.10

(0.39, 1.01)

(1.03, 2.71)

(0.36, 1.49)

(0.29, 1.75)

(0.68, 1.29)

(1.42, 3.70)

(0.52, 2.33)

(0.34, 3.61)

(0.10, 0.82)

(0.06, 0.97)

(0.01, 1.00)

Age in years

1.07

1.39**

1.29

1.45

1.13*

1.12

1.00

0.97

1.38

1.09

1.90

(0.92, 1.24)

(1.15, 1.68)

(0.96, 1.72)

(0.97, 2.16)

(1.02, 1.25)

(0.99, 1.27)

(0.79, 1.28)

(0.68, 1.37)

(0.98, 1.94)

(0.73, 1.63)

(0.96, 3.76)

Currently enrolled in school

0.71

1.47

1.26

2.06

1.82**

1.08

1.22

0.75

1.04

1.50

6.32**

(0.38, 1.34)

(0.74, 2.90)

(0.50, 3.15)

(0.62, 6.83)

(1.23, 2.69)

(0.71, 1.63)

(0.50, 2.96)

(0.15, 3.84)

(0.40, 2.70)

(0.57, 3.91)

(1.98, 20.21)

Not living with biological mother

1.00

0.96

0.62

0.92

0.70

0.68

1.32

1.34

1.46

0.18**

3.74

(0.61, 1.65)

(0.51, 1.79)

(0.25, 1.54)

(0.26, 3.31)

(0.44, 1.12)

(0.38, 1.24)

(0.47, 3.72)

(0.24, 7.41)

(0.49, 4.34)

(0.05, 0.62)

(0.75, 18.60)

Not living with biological father

1.04

1.04

1.28

0.87

1.36

1.87*

1.10

2.01

1.86

8.10**

0.48

(0.63, 1.71)

(0.58, 1.86)

(0.51, 3.24)

(0.34, 2.24)

(0.89, 2.07)

(1.01, 3.44)

(0.29, 4.22)

(0.20, 20.23)

(0.63, 5.48)

(2.11, 31.11)

(0.10, 2.43)

Number of children 0–17 years in household

1.12

1.01

0.83

0.90

0.98

0.98

0.99

0.94

0.95

0.79

0.55*

(0.99, 1.28)

(0.86, 1.18)

(0.65, 1.06)

(0.69, 1.17)

(0.92, 1.05)

(0.91, 1.07)

(0.84, 1.15)

(0.66, 1.34)

(0.72, 1.25)

(0.59, 1.05)

(0.34, 0.91)

Number of males 18+ in household

0.97

0.89

0.78

0.72

1.08

0.93

1.05

1.20

0.84

1.03

1.03

(0.76, 1.23)

(0.63, 1.25)

(0.44, 1.39)

(0.31, 1.68)

(0.93, 1.25)

(0.78, 1.09)

(0.81, 1.35)

(0.89, 1.63)

(0.50, 1.41)

(0.66, 1.62)

(0.51, 2.12)

Number of females 18+ in household

1.18

1.03

1.43*

1.11

0.96

1.28**

1.04

1.14

1.67*

1.38

1.11

(0.92, 1.51)

(0.75, 1.39)

(1.05, 1.95)

(0.70, 1.76)

(0.83, 1.12)

(1.08, 1.52)

(0.81, 1.32)

(0.83, 1.57)

(1.01, 2.77)

(0.93, 2.04)

(0.63, 1.94)

Female-headed household

0.84

1.00

0.94

1.29

0.98

0.62

1.42

0.95

1.02

0.23*

0.31

(0.56, 1.27)

(0.63, 1.60)

(0.38, 2.29)

(0.39, 4.24)

(0.62, 1.54)

(0.35, 1.11)

(0.40, 5.02)

(0.05, 16.84)

(0.35, 2.97)

(0.05, 0.95)

(0.05, 1.79)

Poorer wealth quintile (base = poorest)

0.69

0.87

2.15

1.55

1.26

1.21

1.86

2.30

1.83

1.80

1.43

(0.38, 1.28)

(0.47, 1.59)

(0.81, 5.69)

(0.51, 4.66)

(0.76, 2.08)

(0.65, 2.24)

(0.52, 6.68)

(0.33, 16.13)

(0.52, 6.39)

(0.36, 9.13)

(0.16, 12.69)

Middle wealth quintile

1.48

1.27

3.53*

1.82

1.20

1.39

2.62

0.99

4.72**

0.74

1.44

(0.84, 2.61)

(0.64, 2.49)

(1.28, 9.75)

(0.61, 5.45)

(0.74, 1.96)

(0.80, 2.42)

(0.86, 8.02)

(0.12, 8.32)

(1.46, 15.24)

(0.12, 4.37)

(0.15, 13.53)

Richer wealth quintile

1.12

2.08

4.14*

3.76*

1.14

1.23

1.30

1.04

4.18*

7.12*

10.38*

(0.62, 2.05)

(0.91, 4.75)

(1.31, 13.02)

(1.04, 13.67)

(0.69, 1.89)

(0.68, 2.21)

(0.36, 4.73)

(0.15, 7.19)

(1.01, 17.35)

(1.33, 38.17)

(1.05, 102.75)

Richest wealth quintile

0.37*

1.42

4.10*

3.73

1.32

1.03

1.80

3.86

0.93

1.82

1.26

(0.16, 0.86)

(0.59, 3.41)

(1.21, 13.84)

(0.89, 15.64)

(0.77, 2.27)

(0.52, 2.06)

(0.49, 6.60)

(0.51, 29.00)

(0.24, 3.56)

(0.38, 8.71)

(0.19, 8.10)

Urban

2.09*

0.73

0.27*

0.24*

1.09

0.89

0.83

0.68

†

†

†

(1.12, 3.93)

(0.35, 1.50)

(0.09, 0.80)

(0.06, 0.96)

(0.78, 1.54)

(0.53, 1.49)

(0.38, 1.82)

(0.18, 2.57)

†

†

†

Zanzibarf

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

1.66

0.75

2.44

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

‡

(0.55, 5.07)

(0.14, 3.93)

(0.35, 16.96)

Observations

864

864

864

864

1185

1185

1185

1185

217

217

217

  1. Notes: aEstimates are odds ratios, from weighted logistic regression models, with 95% Confidence Intervals in e-form in parentheses; ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05
  2. bData comes from a nationally representative sample of children aged 13–17 years from Violence Against Children Surveys
  3. cIn Tanzania, help seeking questions were asked for experience of sexual violence only. Questions on knowledge of where to seek formal help were not asked
  4. dSample only includes observations with no missing values for all outcomes
  5. eWealth quintiles are from indices created through factor analysis of household assets and dwelling characteristics, similar to standard methodology from the Demographic and Health Surveys and are age-group specific
  6. fZanzibar indicates residence on Zanzibar island, and not mainland Tanzania
  7. †Urban disaggregation is not available for Tanzania
  8. ‡Disaggregation for Zanzibar is relevant only for Tanzania
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