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Table 1 General characteristics of study subjects at 2015 baseline year

From: Correlation between private education costs and parental depression in South Korea

Variables

Fathers’ CESD

Mothers’ CESD

Total

%

Mean

SD

p-value

Total

%

Mean

SD

p-value

Total

292

100.0

3.28

6.26

179

100.0

3.03

5.85

Proportion of private education costa

 Tertile 1 (0~16.3%/0~17.5%)

94

32.2

2.71

5.06

.2763

57

31.8

3.03

5.32

.9999

 Tertile 2 (16.3~29.4%/17.5~29.0%)

101

34.6

3.46

6.18

 

57

31.8

3.03

6.74

 

 Tertile 3 (29.4%~/29.0%~)

97

33.2

3.66

7.33

 

65

36.3

3.02

5.52

 

EHDIb

 Tertile 1 (~198.0/~202.4)

135

46.2

4.26

7.84

.0018

84

46.9

4.11

7.04

.0103

 Tertile 2 (198.0~278.5/202.4~283.3)

75

25.7

2.50

5.00

 

51

28.5

1.89

3.88

 

 Tertile 3 (278.5~/283.3~)

82

28.1

2.39

3.66

 

44

24.6

2.27

4.88

 

Age

  

45.78

4.20

   

42.83

3.75

 

Education

 No high school education

10

3.4

6.73

7.33

.0104

4

2.2

3.18

6.36

.9442

 High school academic background

282

96.6

3.16

6.20

 

175

97.8

3.02

5.85

 

Work

 No

6

2.1

4.55

3.94

.4662

65

36.3

3.55

6.04

.2371

 Yes

286

97.9

3.25

6.30

 

114

63.7

2.73

5.74

 

Residence

 Suburban

29

9.9

3.01

4.82

.7191

14

7.8

2.99

3.81

.9723

 Urban

263

90.1

3.31

6.41

 

165

92.2

3.03

5.99

 

Chronic disease

 None

215

73.6

2.90

5.97

.0119

151

84.4

2.30

4.07

<.0001

 Diagnosed

77

26.4

4.34

6.94

 

28

15.6

6.95

10.68

 

Child's GPA

 Low

17

5.82

6.84

13.94

.0016

10

5.59

5.64

8.46

.1348

 Middle

83

28.42

3.42

6.05

 

48

26.82

2.50

4.40

 

 High

192

65.75

2.91

5.14

 

121

67.60

3.02

6.09

 

Child's study stress

 Tertile 1 (0~6/0~6)

115

39.4

3.23

6.22

.1080

72

40.2

1.79

4.35

.0095

 Tertile 2 (6~8/6~9)

80

27.4

2.57

4.43

 

71

39.7

3.64

5.71

 

 Tertile 3 (8~12/9~12)

97

33.2

3.94

7.48

 

36

20.1

4.29

8.04

 

Child's K-CBCL

 Tertile 1 (0~5/0~5)

103

35.3

2.82

6.05

.0337

58

32.4

2.76

5.00

.2330

 Tertile 2 (5~12/5~13)

94

32.2

2.82

4.64

 

64

35.8

3.78

7.76

 

 Tertile 3 (12~/13~)

95

32.5

4.23

7.68

 

57

31.8

2.46

3.79

 

RSS

  

22.53

2.46

   

22.48

2.15

 

AUDIT

  

9.15

5.32

   

4.27

3.25

 

Fee satisfaction

  

3.72

0.76

   

3.79

0.66

 

Family satisfaction

  

4.86

1.15

   

4.83

1.14

 

Child satisfaction

  

2.80

0.42

   

2.79

0.46

 
  1. Abbreviations: CESD (The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), EHDI (Equivalized Household Disposable Income), AUDIT (Alcohol Usage Disorder Identification Test), RSS (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), GPA (Grade Point Average), K-CBCL (Korean Child Behavior Checklist)
  2. 1Proportion of private education cost is defined as: (private education cost/equivalized household disposable income)*100
  3. 2The unit of EHDI is â‚©10,000 which is about $8.83 at 2015
  4. In the parentheses, the first part is the father’s actual data range and the second part is the mother’s
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