Table 4 Correlates of HIV/HCV co-infections among PWID study participants, 2013–2014 (N = 422)
Characteristics | n/N | Prevalence of HCV/HIV | OR | 95%CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | ||||||||
 Maputo | 8/124 | 38.7 | 9.1 | 4.6–20.9 | < 0.01 | 4.4 | 2.0–11.1 | < 0.01 |
 Nampula/Nacala | 116/300 | 6.5 | REF |  |  |  |  |  |
Age group (years) | ||||||||
 18–24 | 2/80 | 2.5 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 ≥25 | 122/344 | 35.5 | 21.4 | 6.5–131.6 | < 0.01 | 22.8 | 4.6–414.6 | < 0.01 |
Gender | ||||||||
 Male | 119/408 | 29.2 | 0.9 | 0.3–2.9 | 0.86 | – | – | – |
 Female | 5/16 | 31.2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Marital status | ||||||||
 Single/never married | 73/249 | 29.3 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 0.4–1.4 | 0.38 |
 Cohabitating/married | 18/89 | 20.2 | 0.4 | 0.2–0.8 | <  0.01 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.6 | 0.32 |
 Widowed/divorced/separated | 33/86 | 38.4 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Education level | ||||||||
 No formal education/Primary school | 57/177 | 32.2 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.9 | 0.27 | – | – | – |
 Secondary/Higher | 67/246 | 27.2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Age of first drug use | ||||||||
 < 18 | 12/49 | 24.5 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 18–24 | 57/202 | 28.2 | 1.2 | 0.6–2.5 | 0.60 | – | – | – |
 ≥25 | 51/161 | 31.7 | 1.4 | 0.7–3.0 | 0.34 | – | – | – |
No of sexual partners, last 12 months | ||||||||
 0 | 27/85 | 31.8 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 1 | 23/83 | 27.7 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.5 | 0.56 | – | – | – |
 ≥2 | 68/231 | 29.4 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.68 | – | – | – |
Gave money, good or services in exchange for sex in the, last 12 monthsa | ||||||||
 Yes | 44/176 | 25.0 | 0.6 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.07 | – | – | – |
 No | 74/223 | 33.2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Received money, goods or services in exchange for sex, last 12 months | ||||||||
 Yes | 15/70 | 21.4 | 0.6 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.10 | – | – | – |
 No | 103/329 | 31.3 | REF |  |  |  |  |  |
Ever received drugs in exchange for sex, lifetime | ||||||||
 Yes | 16/57 | 28.1 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.7 | 0.82 | – | – | – |
 No | 108/366 | 29.5 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Had unprotected sexual intercourse at last sex | ||||||||
 Yes | 38/191 | 19.9 | 0.55 | 0.3–1.0 | < 0.05 | – | – | – |
 No, used a condom | 86/233 | 36.9 | 1.6 | 0.9–2.7 | 1.12 | – | – | – |
 Not sexually active |  |  | REF |  |  |  |  |  |
Frequency of drug use, last 12 months | ||||||||
 Did not use | 1/22 | 43.2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 Daily | 102/236 | 12.7 | 15.9 | 3.3–288.9 | < 0.01 | – | – | – |
 Few times per year/month week | 21/145 | 14.5 | 3.0 | 0.5–55.9 | 0.29 | – | – | – |
Ever shared needles or syringes | ||||||||
 Yes | 96/236 | 40.7 | 3.9 | 2.5–6.4 | < 0.01 | 4.0 | 2.1–7.7 | < 0.01 |
 No | 28/188 | 14.9 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Shared syringes in the past month | ||||||||
 Yes | 55/133 | 41.4 | 2.2 | 1.4–3.5 | < 0.01 | 0.53 | 0.4–1.1 | 0.08 |
 No | 69/291 | 23.7 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Ever injected with a previous used needle/syringe | ||||||||
 Yes | 119/342 | 34.7 | 7.9 | 3.4–23.1 | < 0.01 | 12.1 | 4.1–46.3 | < 0.01 |
 No | 5/80 | 6.2 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Ever shared any other injection equipmentb | ||||||||
 Yes | 45/141 | 3.19 | 1.3 | 0.8–2.1 | 0.26 | – | – | – |
 No | 63/238 | 26.5 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Had access to brand new syringes in the past 12 months | ||||||||
 Yes | 106/365 | 29.0 | 1.1 | 0.5–1.9 | 0.75 | – | – | – |
 No | 18/58 | 31.0 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Received condom in the past 12 months | ||||||||
 Yes | 51/165 | 30.9 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
 No | 73/257 | 28.4 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.3 | 0.58 | – | – | – |
Ever incarcerated | ||||||||
 Yes | 98/282 | 34.8 | 2.3 | 1.4–3.9 | < 0.01 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 | 0.40 |
 No | 26/142 | 18.3 | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |