Table 4 Summary of health literacy and behavioural outcome results
Reference, 1st author, year, country | Health Literacy | Behavioural outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Significant result found? | Summary result | Behavioural outcome measured | Significant result found? | Summary result | |
Domain | Health Care | ||||
  [30] Calderon, 2014 USA | Yes | I > C: p = 0.03 | None | ||
  [31] Tai, 2016 USA | Yes | After adjusting for pre-score, I > C: p = 0.011 | None | ||
  [32] Gharachourlo, 2018 Iran | Yes | I > C: p < 0.001 | 10 dimensions of health, physical health, sports and fitness, weight management and nutrition, disease prevention, mental health, spiritual health, social health, avoidance of drugs, alcohol and opiates, accident prevention and environmental health. | Yes for 8/10 dimensions (not environmental health and spiritual health) | I > C: p < 0.001 (Overall lifestyle, physical health, sports & fitness, weight management & nutrition, disease prevention, mental health, social health, avoidance of drugs, alcohol and opiates, accident prevention) |
  [33] Knudsen, 2019 Denmark | For HLQ6 only | HLQ6: I > C p = 0.003 | None | ||
  [34] Tavakoly Sany, 2019 Iran | Yes | I > C: p < 0.05 | Self-care behaviours for heart failure | Yes | I > C: p < 0.05 |
  [35] Banbury, 2020 Australia | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 | None | ||
  [36] Handa, 2020 Japan | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 | None | ||
  [37] Kim. 2020 USA | Yes | REALM: I > C: 3, 6 months p < 0.01, 12 months p < 0.001 DM-REALM: I > C: 3,6,12 months p < 0.001 TOFHLA: I > C: 3 months p < 0.05 NVS: I > C: 3,6,12 months p < 0.05 | None | ||
Domain | Disease prevention | ||||
  [38] Li 2016, Niger | Yes | I > C: p < 0.01 | None | ||
  [39] Han, 2017 USA | Yes | HL change T1 to T2 I > C (p < .05) | Self-reported mammogram at baseline and medical record review at post-test | Yes | I > C, OR 18.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9.2, 37.4) |
Self-reported pap test at baseline and medical record review at post-test | Yes | I > C, OR 13.3 (95% CI = 7.9, 22.3) | |||
Self-reported mammogram and pap test at baseline and medical record review at post-test | Yes | I > C, OR 17.4 (95% CI = 7.5, 40.3) | |||
Domain | Health promotion | ||||
  [40] Otilingam 2015, USA | Yes | (Combined intervention groups) I > C: p = 0.0103. HL change T1 to T2 I > C: 0.039 HL change T1 to T3 n.s | Behaviours to reduce dietary fats | Yes | T1 to T3 I > C: p = 0.0140. |
  [41] Zhuang, 2016 China | Yes | I > C: p < 0.001 | None | ||
  [42] Mas, 2017 USA | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 | None | ||
  [43] Parekh, 2017 USA | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 | Nutrition literacy | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 |
Fruit and vegetable intake | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 | |||
  [44] Liu, 2018 China | Yes | I > C: p < 0.05 | None | ||
Yes | Change score I > C: p = 0.01 | 34 item questionnaire measuring nutrition & physical activity behaviours | Yes, in adjusted model | I > C: p = 0.049. | |
  [47] Panahi, 2018 Iran | Yes | HL change T1 –T2 -T3 I > C: p = 0.014 | Smoking behaviour | Yes | I > C: p < 0.0001 |
  [48] Tsai, 2018 Taiwan | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 | None | ||
  [49] Uemura, 2018 Japan | For some but not all domains | HLS-EU-Q16 I > C: disease prevention score p = 0.04 HLS-14 I > C: Total score p = 0.03, Communicative score p = 0.01, critical score, p = 0.02 | Dietary habits – food frequency | Yes | I > C p = 0.001 |
Dietary habits – dietary variety | Yes | I > C p = 0.04 | |||
Steps per day | Yes | I > C: p < 0.001 | |||
Total energy expenditure (physical activity level x basal metabolic rate) | Yes | I > C: p = 0.01 | |||
  [50] Fiedler, 2019 Germany | Mixed and inconclusive | A significant effect was only seen for proactive help for the intervention group at T1. | None | ||
  [51] McCaffery 2019, Australia | HLQ3 only | HLQ3: I > C p = 0.01 | None | ||
  [52] Smith, 2019 Australia | No | I vs C: p > 0.05 | None | ||