Identifying contexts and mechanisms in multiple behavior change interventions affecting smoking cessation success: a rapid realist review

Minian, Nadia; Corrin, Tricia; Lingam, Mathangee; deRuiter, Wayne K.; Rodak, Terri; Taylor, Valerie H.; Manson, Heather; Dragonetti, Rosa; Zawertailo, Laurie; Melamed, Osnat C.; Hahn, Margaret; Selby, Peter

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08973-2

Table 4 Interventions with a Four Star Quality Rating and Statistical Analyses That Reported Using “Capability”

From: Identifying contexts and mechanisms in multiple behavior change interventions affecting smoking cessation success: a rapid realist review

Mechanism ^a	Total number of interventions using the C-M-O	Number of interventions using the C-M-O that report improvement in smoking cessation outcome
CONTEXT
NORTH AMERICA
Capability - Empowerment	3 [103, 138, 140]	1 (33%) [103]
EUROPE
Capability	19 [40, 52, 54, 55, 92, 95, 115,116,117, 123, 124, 127, 129,130,131,132,133, 135, 136]	6 (32%) [40, 52, 54, 55, 92, 95]
Capability - Beliefs about Interventions	3 [123, 130, 131]	0 (0%)
Capability- Capacity to Plan	14 [40, 52, 54, 55, 95, 115, 116, 123, 124, 127, 129, 131, 133, 136]	5 (36%) [40, 52, 54, 55, 95]
Capability- Empowerment	6 [54, 124, 131, 133, 135, 136]	1 (17%) [54]
Capability - Enhance Knowledge and Skills of Individual	18 [40, 52, 54, 55, 92, 95, 115,116,117, 124, 127, 129,130,131,132,133, 135, 136]	6 (33%) [40, 52, 54, 55, 92, 95]
ASIA
Capability	8 [56, 65, 69, 75, 81, 118, 122, 125]	5 (63%) [56, 65, 69, 75, 81]
Capability - Capacity to Plan	5 [69, 75, 81, 122, 125]	3 (60%) [69, 75, 81]
Capability - Enhance Knowledge and Skills of Individual	8 [56, 65, 69, 75, 81, 118, 122, 125]	5 (63%) [56, 65, 69, 75, 81]
AUSTRALASIA
Capability	5 [12, 49, 101, 128, 139]	2 (40%) [49, 101]
Capability - Capacity to Plan	4 [12, 101, 128, 139]	1 (25%) [101]
COMMUNITY BASED CLINICAL SETTING
Capability	27 [12, 40, 43, 52, 55, 61, 65, 69, 75, 81, 82, 95, 116, 117, 123,124,125,126,127, 130, 132,133,134,135,136, 140, 141]	10 (37%) [40, 52, 55, 61, 65, 69, 75, 81, 82, 95]
Capability – Beliefs about Intervention	3 [75, 123, 130]	1 (33%) [75]
Capability – Capacity to Plan	20 [12, 40, 43, 52, 55, 69, 75, 81, 82, 95, 116, 123,124,125, 127, 133, 134, 136, 140, 141]	8 (40%) [40, 52, 55, 69, 75, 81, 82, 95]
Capability - Empowerment	7 [65, 75, 124, 133, 135, 136, 140]	2 (29%) [65, 75]
COMMUNITY BASED CARE
Capability	7 [40, 61, 63, 81, 92, 119, 141]	5 (71%) [40, 61, 63, 81, 92]
Capability - Capacity to Plan	5 [40, 63, 81, 119, 141]	3 (60%) [40, 63, 81]
Capability - Enhance Knowledge and Skills of individual	6 [40, 61, 63, 81, 92, 119]	5 (83%) [40, 61, 63, 81, 92]
WORKPLACE
Capability - Capacity to Plan	4 [96, 103, 105, 138]	3 (75%) [96, 103, 105]
SCHOOLS
Capability	5 [40, 56, 71, 83, 131]	4 (80%) [40, 56, 71, 83]
Capability – Capacity to Plan	3 [40, 83, 131]	2 (67%) [40, 83]
Capability – Enhance Knowledge and Skills of Individual	5 [40, 56, 71, 83, 131]	4 (80%) [40, 56, 71, 83]
TARGET POPULATION
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Capability – Capacity to Plan	15 [51, 55, 69, 75, 81, 95, 119, 122, 125, 127,128,129, 133, 134, 140]	6 (40%) [51, 55, 69, 75, 81, 95]
Capability – Empowerment	5 [65, 75, 133, 135, 140]	2 (40%) [65, 75]
PROFESSION
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM
Capability – Capacity to Plan	10 [40, 51, 55, 63, 69, 81, 82, 116, 124, 140]	7 (70%) [40, 51, 55, 63, 69, 81, 82]
Capability – Enhance Knowledge and Skills of Individual	13 [40, 51, 55, 63, 69, 81, 82, 92, 116, 120, 121, 124, 130]	8 (62%) [40, 51, 55, 63, 69, 81, 82, 92]
TYPE OF MODIFIABLE RISK BEHAVIOURS INTERVENTION ADDRESSED^b
ALCOHOL
Capability - Beliefs about Interventions	3 [75, 130, 131]	1 (33%) [75]
Capability - Empowerment	5 [75, 101, 103, 131, 135]	3 (60%) [75, 101, 103]
DIET
Capability - Beliefs about Interventions	4 [75, 123, 130, 131]	1 (25%) [75]
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Capability - Beliefs about Interventions	4 [75, 123, 130, 131]	1 (25%) [75]
STRESS
Capability - Capacity to Plan	10 [40, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105, 119, 128, 137, 138]	6 (60%) [40, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105]
Capability - Empowerment	3 [101, 103, 138]	2 (67%) [101, 103]
NUMBER OF MODIFIABLE RISK BEHAVIOURS
3 BEHAVIOURS
Capability - Capacity to Plan	19 [12, 51, 52, 54, 55, 63, 69, 116, 123,124,125, 127, 129, 133, 134, 136, 137, 140, 141]	6 (32%) [51, 52, 54, 55, 63, 69]
Capability - Empowerment	7 [54, 65, 124, 133, 135, 136, 140]	2 (29%) [54, 65]
4 BEHAVIOURS
Capability – Beliefs about Intervention	3 [75, 130, 131]	1 (33%) [75]
5 BEHAVIOURS
Capability	7 [101, 103, 118, 119, 128, 132, 138]	2 (29%) [101, 103]
Capability – Capacity to Plan	5 [101, 103, 119, 128, 138]	2 (40%) [101, 103]
Capability – Empowerment	3 [101, 103, 138]	2 (67%) [101, 103]
Capability - Enhance Knowledge and Skills of Individual	6 [101, 118, 119, 128, 132, 138]	1 (17%) [101]

^a The mechanisms within these interventions may not be exclusively for addressing smoking behaviour. It could be part of the overall intervention or for other risk behaviours within that intervention
^b This category examines interventions that include the specific risk behaviour (i.e. alcohol) as one of the targeted behaviours

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