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Table 3 Interventions with a Four Star Quality Rating and Statistical Analyses That Reported Using “Opportunity”

From: Identifying contexts and mechanisms in multiple behavior change interventions affecting smoking cessation success: a rapid realist review

Mechanism a

Total number of interventions using the C-M-O

Number of interventions using the C-M-O that report improvement in smoking cessation outcome

CONTEXT

NORTH AMERICA

Opportunity

11 [51, 61, 63, 82, 83, 96, 103, 105, 119, 120, 126]

8 (73%) [51, 61, 63, 82, 83, 96, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Access

7 [61, 63, 82, 83, 96, 103, 119]

6 (86%) [61, 63, 82, 83, 96, 103]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

6 [61, 83, 96, 103, 105, 120]

5 (83%) [61, 83, 96, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Social Support

6 [51, 82, 96, 103, 105, 119]

5 (83%) [51, 82, 96, 103, 105]

ASIA

Opportunity – Social Support

3 [65, 75, 125]

2 (67%) [65, 75]

CLINICAL SETTING

Opportunity – Access

3 [61, 82, 95]

3 (100%) [61, 82, 95]

COMMUNITY BASED CARE

Opportunity

5 [40, 61, 63, 92, 119]

4 (80%) [40, 61, 63, 92]

Opportunity – Access

4 [61, 63, 92, 119]

3 (75%) [61, 63, 92]

WORKPLACE

Opportunity – Access

3 [96, 103, 121]

2 (67%) [96, 103]

Opportunity – Social Support

3 [96, 103, 105]

3 (100%) [96, 103, 105]

SCHOOLS

Opportunity

4 [40, 56, 71, 83]

4 (100%) [40, 56, 71, 83]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

4 [40, 56, 71, 83]

4 (100%) [40, 56, 71, 83]

TARGET POPULATION

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Opportunity

20 [40, 54,55,56, 61, 63, 71, 82, 83, 96, 101, 103, 105, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124, 127]

13 (65%) [40, 54,55,56, 61, 63, 71, 82, 83, 96, 101, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Access

8 [56, 61, 63, 82, 83, 96, 103, 121]

7 (88%) [56, 61, 63, 82, 83, 96, 103]

Opportunity - Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

11 [40, 56, 61, 71, 83, 96, 103, 105, 118, 120, 121]

8 (73%) [40, 56, 61, 71, 83, 96, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Social Support

9 [54, 55, 82, 96, 101, 103, 105, 124, 127]

7 (78%) [54, 55, 82, 96, 101, 103, 105]

SECONDARY PREVENTION

Opportunity – Access

4 [49, 92, 95, 119]

3 (75%) [49, 92, 95]

TYPE OF MODIFIABLE RISK BEHAVIOUR INTERVENTION ADDRESSEDb

ALCOHOL

Opportunity

13 [49, 51, 75, 82, 83, 101, 103, 105, 115, 117,118,119, 122]

8 (62%) [49, 51, 75, 82, 83, 101, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Access

5 [49, 82, 83, 103, 119]

4 (80%) [49, 82, 83, 103]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

4 [83, 103, 105, 118]

3 (75%) [83, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Social Support

7 [51, 75, 82, 101, 103, 105, 119]

6 (86%) [51, 75, 82, 101, 103, 105]

DIET

Opportunity – Access

11 [56, 61, 63, 82, 83, 92, 95, 96, 103, 119, 121]

9 (82%) [56, 61, 63, 82, 83, 92, 95, 96, 103]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

11 [40, 56, 61, 71, 83, 96, 103, 105, 118, 120, 121]

8 (73%) [40, 56, 61, 71, 83, 96, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Social Support

14 [54, 55, 65, 75, 82, 96, 101, 103, 105, 119, 123,124,125, 127]

9 (64%) [54, 55, 65, 75, 82, 96, 101, 103, 105]

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Opportunity – Access

12 [49, 56, 61, 63, 82, 83, 92, 95, 96, 103, 119, 121]

10 (83%) [49, 56, 61, 63, 82, 83, 92, 95, 96, 103]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

11 [40, 56, 61, 71, 83, 96, 103, 105, 118, 120, 121]

8 (73%) [40, 56, 61, 71, 83, 96, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Social Support

15 [51, 54, 55, 65, 75, 82, 96, 101, 103, 105, 119, 123,124,125, 127]

10 (67%) [51, 54, 55, 65, 75, 82, 96, 101, 103, 105]

STRESS

Opportunity

10 [40, 92, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105, 118, 119, 126]

7 (70%) [40, 92, 95, 96, 101, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Access

5 [92, 95, 96, 103, 119]

4 (80%) [92, 95, 96, 103]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

5 [40, 96, 103, 105, 118]

4 (80%) [40, 96, 103, 105]

Opportunity – Social Support

5 [96, 101, 103, 105, 119]

4 (80%) [96, 101, 103, 105]

NUMBER OF MODIFIABLE RISK BEHAVIOURS

3 BEHAVIOURS

Opportunity – Access

5 [49, 56, 61, 63, 121]

4 (80%) [49, 56, 61, 63]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

5 [56, 61, 71, 120, 121]

3 (60%) [56, 61, 71]

4 BEHAVIOURS

Opportunity

11 [40, 75, 82, 83, 92, 95, 96, 115, 117, 122, 126]

7 (64%) [40, 75, 82, 83, 92, 95, 96]

Opportunity – Access

5 [82, 83, 92, 95, 96]

5 (100%) [82, 83, 92, 95, 96]

Opportunity – Changing Physical and/or Social Environment

3 [40, 83, 96]

3 (100%) [40, 83, 96]

Opportunity – Social Support

3 [75, 82, 96]

3 (100%) [75, 82, 96]

5 BEHAVIOURS

Opportunity – Social Support

3 [101, 103, 119]

2 (67%) [101, 103]

  1. a The mechanisms within these interventions may not be exclusively for addressing smoking behaviour. It could be part of the overall intervention or for other risk behaviours within that intervention
  2. b This category examines interventions that include the specific risk behaviour (i.e. alcohol) as one of the targeted behaviours