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Table 2 Characteristics of Interventions with Statistically Significant Smoking Cessation Outcomesa

From: Identifying contexts and mechanisms in multiple behavior change interventions affecting smoking cessation success: a rapid realist review

Article

Location

Context - Setting

Target population

Type of prevention

Activities used in intervention

Mechanisms used in intervention

3 Behaviour Changes Targeted – ALCOHOL, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SMOKING

 Wang et al., 2015 [47]

Asia

Community Setting

Rural Region

Adults with metabolic syndrome

Secondary

Education

Group Interactions

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Mastrangelo et al., 2015 [48]

Europe

Workplace Intervention

Adult/elderly male employees

Primary and Secondary

Counselling

Education

Capability

Motivation

 Jelinek et al., 2014 [49]

Australasia

Low Socio-Economic Status

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Counselling

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Opportunity

 Saltychev et al., 2012 [50]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Group Interactions

Capability

Motivation

 Kim et al., 2016 [51]

North America

N/A

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Education

Social Support

Capability

Opportunity

3 Behaviour Changes Targeted – ALCOHOL, DIET, SMOKING

 Lopez et al., 2007 [52]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adult patients attending primary care centers who have a first or second-degree relative affected by cancer.

Primary

Counselling

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

3 Behaviour Changes Targeted – ALCOHOL, SMOKING, STRESS

 Laaksonen et al., 2013 [53]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adults

Secondary

Education

Incentives

Tailored Feedback

Pharmacolo-gical Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

3 Behaviours Changes Targeted – DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SMOKING

 Gomez-Pardo et al., 2016 [54]

Europe

N/A

Adults with at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor

Primary

Community Organization

Education

Group Interactions

Social Support

Capability

Opportunity

 Ofori et al., 2015 [55]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Primary and Secondary

Counselling

Education

Group Interactions

Motivational Interviewing

Pharmacolo-gical Support

Social support

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Saraf et al., 2015 [56]

Asia

Rural Region

School Intervention

Adolescent students

Primary

Community Organization

Education

Incentives

Social Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Eckman et al., 2012 [57]

North America

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Education

Capability

 Ruffin et al., 2011 [58]

North America

Clinical Setting

Adults in the general public

Primary

Tailored Feedback

Motivation

 O’Brien et al., 2010 [59]

North America

Community Setting

School Intervention

Adolescent students

Primary

Community Organization

Counselling

Education

Capability

Opportunity

 Wendel-Vos et al., 2009 [60]

Europe

Community Setting

Low Socio-Economic Status

Adults in the general public

Primary

Education

Group Interactions

Mass Media Campaigns

Capability

Opportunity

 Plescia et al., 2008 [61]

North America

Clinical Setting

Community Setting

Adult/elderly urban, African American community.

Primary

Community Organization

Education

Group Interaction

Mass Media Campaigns

Capability

Opportunity

 Schumacher et al., 2006 [62]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Group Interactions

Capability

Opportunity

 Becker et al., 2005 [63]

North America

Community Setting

African American adult siblings of individuals hospitalized for coronary heart disease

Primary

Counseling

Incentives

Pharmacolo-gical Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Friesen et al., 2010 [64]

North America

Community Setting

School Intervention

Workplace Intervention

Rural Region

Adults/elderly from general public

Primary

Community Organization

Education

Group Interactions

Mass Media Campaigns

Capability

Opportunity

 Shalaeva et al., 2017 [65]

Asia

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly type 2 diabetes patients having undergone trans-femoral amputation (TFA)

Secondary

Education

Incentives

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Opportunity

 Monteagudo et al., 2013 [66]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly patients with COPD

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Motivational Interviewing

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Arikan et al., 2011 [67]

Asia

Rural Region

Adults from general public

Primary

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

 Richardson et al., 2008 [68]

Europe

Community Setting

Adults from general public

Primary

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Opportunity

 Naser et al., 2008 [69]

Asia

Clinical Setting

Adult cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

 Smith et al., 2007 [70]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adults with severe mental illness

Secondary

Education

Group Interactions

Capability

Opportunity

 Dendana et al., 2017 [71]

Africa

School Intervention

Adolescent students

Primary

Education

Group Interaction

Opinion Leaders

Capability

Opportunity

 Gamble et al., 2012 [72]

North America

Clinical Setting

Community Setting

Adult/elderly high-risk type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension and/or albuminuria

Tertiary

Tailored Feedback

Capability

 Sadeghi et al., 2011 [73]

Asia

Community Setting

Adult/elderly females from general public

Primary

Education

Mass Media Campaign

Capability

Opportunity

 Lando et al., 1995 [74]

North America

Community Setting

Workplace Intervention

Adult/elderly from general public

Primary

Community Organization

Education

Mass Media Campaign

Social Support

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Farquhar et al., 1990 [41]

North America

Community Setting

School Intervention

Adults from general public

Primary

Education

Incentives

Capability

Motivation

3 Behaviours Changes Targeted – PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SMOKING, STRESS

 Baker et al., 2015 [12]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary Prevention

Counselling

Capability

4 Behaviours Changes Targeted – ALCOHOL, DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SMOKING

 Xavier et al., 2016 [75]

Asia

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Capability

Opportunity

 Shin et al., 2015 [76]

Asia

N/A

Patients with diabetes

Secondary

Education

Capability

 Van Den Wijngaart et al., 2015 [77]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Motivational Interviewing

Tailored Feedback

Motivation

 Schulz et al., 2014 [78]

Europe

N/A

Adults from general public

Primary

Education

Tailored feedback

Capability

Motivation

 Busch et al., 2013 [79]

Europe

School Intervention

Adolescent students

Primary

Education

Group Interactions

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Fernald et al., 2012 [80]

North America

Clinical Settings

Adults from general public

Primary

Community Organization

Counselling

Education

Capability

Opportunity

 Tobari et al., 2010 [81]

Asia

Clinical Settings

Community Settings

Adults/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

 Holtrop et al., 2008 [82]

North America

Clinical Setting

Adults from general public

Primary

Counselling

Education

Motivational Interviewing

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Frank et al., 2007 [83]

North America

School Intervention

Adult students

Primary

Counselling

Education

Capability

Opportunity

 Cox et al., 2005 [84]

North America

Clinical Setting

Adult cancer patients

Tertiary

Counselling

Education

Capability

Motivation

 Wills et al., 2017 [85]

Europe

School Intervention

Adult students

Primary

Education

Capability

 Dale et al., 2016 [86]

Europe

School Intervention

Disadvantaged adults/adoles-cents

Primary

Counselling

Group Interactions

Motivational Interviewing

Social Support

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

 Zhou et al., 2010 [87]

Asia

Rural Region

Rural Chinese, Asian/Pacific Islander adult/elderly

Primary and Secondary

Counselling

Motivational Interviewing

Social Support

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Kadda et al., 2016 [88]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Tertiary

Counselling

Education

Social Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Chander et al., 2013 [89]

Asia

Clinical Setting

Low Socio-Economic Status

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients with diabetes

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Group Interactions

Capability

 Schilling et al., 2005 [90]

Europe

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

4 Behaviours Changes Targeted – DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SMOKING, STRESS

 Park et al., 2015 [91]

Asia

N/A

Asian/Pacific Islanders adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Incentives

Social Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Gibson et al., 2014 [92]

Europe

Community Setting

Adults with diabetes and 2 other risk factors (smoking, hypertension or dyslipidaemia)

Secondary

Education

Group Interaction

Motivational Interviewing

Social Support

Tailored Feedback

Pharmacolo-gical Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Siddiqui et al., 2012 [93]

Europe

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Counselling

Incentives

Motivational Interviewing

Capability

Opportunity

 Clouse et al., 2012 [94]

North America

Community Setting

Prison/Jail

Adult incarcerated males (residents of a correctional substance abuse program)

Primary

Community Organization

Education

Group Interactions

Opinion Leaders

Mass Media Campaigns

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Jolly et al., 2007 [95]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Low Socio-Economic Status

Adult/elderly cardiovascular patients

Secondary

Counselling

Education

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Long et al., 2010 [96]

North America

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Counselling

Education

Group Interactions

Incentives

Pharmacolo-gical Support

Opinion Leaders

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Niederhauser et al., 2005 [97]

North America

Community Setting `

Active duty infantry soldiers and their spouses

Primary

Community Organization

Counselling

Education

Incentives

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 White et al., 2015 [98]

North America

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Counselling

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

 Chaves et al., 2015 [99]

Central America/South America/Caribbean

Clinical Setting

Adult/elderly from general public

Primary and Secondary

Counselling

Education

Social Support

Capability

 Kelishadi et al., 2011 [100]

Asia

Clinical setting

Community Setting

School Intervention

Adults from general public

Primary and Secondary

Community Organization

Education

Mass Media Campaigns

Opinion Leaders

Capability

Opportunity

 Puska et al., 1985 [40]

Europe

Clinical Setting

Community Setting

School Intervention

Adults from general public

Primary

Community Organization

Education

Mass Media Campaigns

Opinion Leaders

Social Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

5 Behaviours Changes Targeted– ALCOHOL, DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SMOKING, STRESS

 Baker et al., 2009 [101]

Australasia

N/A

Adult smokers with non-acute psychiatric disorders

Primary

Counselling

Education

Incentives

Motivational Interviewing

Pharmacolo-gical Support

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Byrne et al., 2011 [102]

North America

Workplace Intervention

Adult/elderly employees

Primary

Community Organization

Counselling

Education

Group Interactions

Incentives

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Henke et al., 2011 [103]

North America

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Community Organization

Incentives

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

 Goetzel et al., 2014 [104]

North America

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Community Organization

Counselling

Education

Tailored Feedback

Capability

Motivation

6 Behaviours Changes Targeted – ALCOHOL, DIET, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SLEEP, SMOKING, STRESS

 Kuehl et al., 2016 [105]

North America

Workplace Intervention

Adult employees

Primary

Education

Group Interactions

Social Support

Capability

Motivation

Opportunity

  1. aN/A stands for not available. There was no information available from the article for the specific category